Comparaison de deux méthodes de sélection classique avec l'haplodiploïdisation pour la résistance à la mouche de Hesse chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum)

L'efficacité des méthodes classiques et alternatives d'amélioration génétique repose sur l'évolution de la variabilité génétique des populations ségrégatives sous sélection. L'objectif de cette étude est de comparer l'évolution de la fréquence des gènes de résistance à la mouche de Hesse (Mayetiola destructor) sous deux méthodes classiques de sélection en comparaison avec la méthode de l'haplodiploïdisation. Les distributions et les proportions observées du caractère "résistance à la mouche de Hesse" ont été évaluées pour des lignées produites par la méthode de filiation unipare (FUP), la méthode " bulk " et l'haplodiploïdisation (DH) de quatre populations hybrides de blé tendre (Triticum aestivum). Ces populations sont issues des croisements entre des parents résistants à la mouche de Hesse marocaine et des parents sensibles mais adaptés aux conditions marocaines. Les résultats ont montré un effet marqué de la méthode d'amélioration génétique. En effet, malgré leur avancement à la génération F6, les lignées produites par les méthodes FUP et " bulk " présentent toujours un taux non négligeable d'hétérozygotie pour ce caractère alors que la méthode DH a abouti à une homozygotie parfaite. Les proportions de résistance observées chez les lignées FUP et haploïdes doublées sont approximativement les mêmes que celles théoriquement attendues. Cependant, la méthode " bulk " a permis une sélection naturelle au champ qui a favorisé le caractère résistant de manière significativeThe relative usefulness of conventional and alternative breeding methods relies on the evolution of genetic variability in segregating populations undergoing selection. The objective of this study was to compare the frequencies of genetic resistance to Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) in populations generated by two conventional breeding methods in comparison with lines advanced through doubled haploid method. Distribution and proportions of Hessian fly resistance were evaluated in four populations of bread wheat lines advanced through 'Single Seed Descent' (SSD), 'Bulk', and doubled-haploid (DH) methods. These populations were all derived from crosses involving resistant parents and susceptible lines adapted to Moroccan conditions. The results of this study have shown a clear effect of the breeding method. The Bulk and SSD (F6) derived lines have shown a substantial residual heterozygocity while DH method has produced completely homozygous material. The observed proportions of resistance did not deviate from expected in the populations of lines derived through SSD and DH methods while evidence of natural selection for resistance was significant in the lines derived through the Bulk method

Genotype x Environment interaction for quality traits in durum wheat cultivars adapted to different environments

The quality traits of durum wheat are important for the utilization by the industries. These traits may be influenced by genotype and interaction of genotype and environment (GxE). To evaluate the effects of genotype, environment and genotype x environment interaction on quality traits such as vitreousness, SDS sedimentation test, yellow pigment index, protein content and test weight, twelve Moroccan durum wheat cultivars representing a range of agronomic adaptation were tested in five locations representing a range of environments in three growing seasons. The results indicated significant effects of genotype, environment and GxE for all the quality traits. The extent of these effects differed; for SDSsedimentation volumes, yellow pigment and test weight, the component of variation due to genotype was larger than due to the environment, indicating the greater influence of genotypes on these traits. However, for vitreousness and protein content, the effect of environment was higher than the effect due to genotypes. Thus, these traits are controlled greatly by environmental effects than genetics. The variation due to GxE was higher than that of genotype for vitreousness and test weight, indicating high GxE interaction effect and less genotypic stability for these traits. For protein content, where the environmental effect was greater than that of genotype and GxE effect, multiple environmental trials are necessary in order to determine protein content of a cultivar. For other traits,  preliminary evaluations can be done in one environment and good performing ones can be selected for multiple environmental trials

Evaluating the cost and gain from genetic resistance to Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor (say)) in durum wheat in Morocco using recombinant inbred lines

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important food crop in the Mediterranean region. Hessian fly is the most important insect pest of wheat in the dry land areas in Morocco.  Breeding wheat for genetic resistance to pests is the most sustainable control strategy because genetic resistance brings yield advantage under pest attack. However, there are fears that this resistance could have its price in terms of yield potential under pest free situation. The objective of this study was to quantify the yield gains in the presence of H. fly and verify the assumption of resistance cost in the absence of the pest. One hundred and eighty recombinant inbred lines of durum wheat (RILs) derived from the crosses (CI115 / Bzaiz-AHF/CM829/Cando -H25) segregated for Hessian fly resistance and adapted to dry areas were planted in two experimental domains of INRA, differing in Hessian fly infestation levels (Sidi El Aidi and Jemaa-Shaim) in the 2012-2013 season. Plants were evaluated for agronomic and phenological traits as well as for yield components. The data indicated that under severe H. fly attacks, the yield losses avoided by resistant lines may reach 100% and that under pest free situation, the mean values of each parameter measured are similar between resistant and susceptible groups of lines. These results indicated that resistance had no negative effect on genetic potential of studied characters in this case study. In addition, the phenotypic correlations between different traits are similar between groups under differing situations and this confirms the above results. The conclusion is that incorporating genetic resistance to Hessian fly has a positive effect on phenological and agro-morphologic traits, as well as on yield and yield components under H. fly attack, and has no negative effect on these parameters in a fly free situation

Sélection de nouvelles lignées de blé tendre hautement productives et résistantes à la cécidomyie, Mayetiola destructor (Say), au Maroc

Le blé (Triticum sp.) constitue l’alimentation de base de la population Marocaine. Toutefois, cette culture est attaquée par plusieurs maladies et ravageurs, dont la mouche de Hesse. Cet insecte est le ravageur le plus redoutable du blé, causant des pertes annuelles en rendement de plus de 30%. Dans le but de sélectionner un germoplasme qui combine la résistance à la cécidomyie, Mayetiola destructor (Say), et un haut potentiel de rendement, une pépinière de blé tendre HF_SBWYT_MOR_ON de 160 lignées provenant de l’ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) a été évaluée pour la résistance à la cécidomyie de blé et pour le potentiel de rendement sous serre, et dans quatre environnements (sites) du Maroc: Chaouia, Abda, Doukkala et Tadla, représentés par les domaines expérimentaux de Sidi El Aidi, Jemaa Shaim, Khemis Zemamra et Deroua. L'analyse de la variance a montré des effets hautement significatifs (P<0,0001) des paramètres site, génotype et l’interaction site x génotype, pour les tests de résistance à la cécidomyie ou de rendement grain. L’évaluation sous serre a révéléque 87,5% des lignées de la pépinière sont résistantes, 9,4 % hétérogènes et 3,1 sensibles. Les lignées sont dérivées de parents résistants et expriment l’antibiosis comme mécanisme de résistance. Les meilleurs rendements en grain ont été obtenus dans la station expérimentale de Deroua conduite sous régime irrigué : 23,7 à 86 qx/ha dépassant largement la moyenne nationale (18 qx/ha). Les plus faibles rendements ont été obtenus à Khemis Zemamra: 7,7 à 41,3 qx/ha.

Evolution from durum wheat landraces to recent improved varieties in Morocco in terms of productivity increase to the detriment of grain quality

Durum wheat landraces have constituted until the first half of the last century, the main source of Moroccan wheat production. This local germplasm is still cultivated in less favorable environments, particularly in mountains and sub-Saharan regions. In recent decades of the 20th and early 21st centuries, the genetic improvement had led to the release of new durum wheat cultivars highly uniform and more productive. The present paper investigates the evolution of genetic variability in terms of productivity and quality related traits using an historical series of Moroccan durum wheat genotypes grouped according to their period of release into “Landraces/ Old cultivars”, “Intermediate cultivars” and “Modern cultivars”. A significant improvement was achieved in Moroccan durum wheat productivity. Modern cultivars exceeded their predecessors in terms of productivity related traits. The genetic gain was clearly associated with a reduction in plant growth cycle and plant height lowering the straw yield which resulted in an increase of grain yield estimated to 15.4 Kg/ha/year. However, results revealed a reduction in terms of almost all quality related traits; -0.12% per year for protein content, -0.30 % per year for gluten strength, -0.31% per year for yellow pigment content, and -0.19% per year for vitreousness. The results underline the important variability in grain quality attributes among landraces genotypes. This local germplasm may be used as sources of quality–improving attributes in durum wheat breeding program to develop new varieties combining both high productivity and grain quality

Study of the agro-morphological and technological genetic variability of the Mediterranean populations of durum wheat

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. Durum) is the third mostly grown crop in the world and second in Morocco. This work aims to study the influence the genetic and the environmental effect on the adaptation, the yield and its components and on the grain quality of two durum wheat populations (76 durum accessions and 120 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs)). Two trials were installed in two INRA experimental stations, namely Sidi El Aidi (Settat) and Merchouch (Rabat). Several measurements on growth and phenological stages were carried out and analyzed and quality traits were measured in laboratory after harvest. The Principal Components Analysis (ACP) was performed to relate phenological traits and grain quality traits among RILs and accessions. Analysis of certain aspects of quality (Dodecyl Sodium Sulphates (SDS), Vitreousness Rate (TV), Yellow Index (IJ) and Ash content (TC) also allowed to detect an important and similar variability for the two populations. The electrophoresis analysis showed that 58% from the accessions and 62% of RILs present a good gluten force. Moreover, there were correlations between these characters on the one hand, and these characters and the agromorphologic characters on the other hand. A great multi-axis variability was observed which can serve as a base for new variation. This variation is controlled by many useful genes which can be used in durum wheat programs to release new varieties adapted to Moroccan environment and presenting good quality genes for durum wheat