Design and implementation of 4 bit binary weighted current steering DAC

A compact current-mode Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC) suitable for biomedical application is repesented in this paper .The designed DAC is binary weighted in 180nm CMOS technology with 1.8V supply voltage. In this implementation, authors have focused on calculaton of Non linearity error say INL and DNL for 4 bit DAC having various type of switches: NMOS, PMOS and Transmission Gate. The implemented DAC uses lower area and power compared to unary architecture due to absence of digital decoders. The desired value of Integrated non linearity (INL) and Differential non linearity (DNL) for DAC for are within a range of +0.5LSB. Result obtained in this works for INL and DNL for the case DAC using Transmission Gate is +0.34LSB and +0.38 LSB respectively with 22mW power dissipation

A True 1V 1µW Biomedical Front End with Reconfigurable ADC for Self powered Smarter IoT Healthcare Systems

This work proposes an ultralow power highly linear analog front-end (AFE) with an input dynamic range from 200μVpp to 20mVpp. The system consists of a signal conditioning instrumentation amplifier (IA), two programmable gain amplifiers (PGA), a mixed signal automatic gain control (AGC), two sample and hold (S/H), a 10 bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog to digital converter (ADC), and a ΣΔ modulator with 10 bit effective number of bits (ENOB). A highly linear capacitively-coupled IA is achieved by increasing its feedback factor. Moreover, a transconductance (gm) cancellation technique is proposed for achieving a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). The conditioned signal is digitized using a SAR ADC for an input range of 200μVpp to 2mVpp, and, an opamp-shared ΣΔ ADC for an input range of 2mVpp to 20mVpp. The selection between the two ADCs is done by the AGC. The full system is designed using 1V supply in UMC 0.18μm CMOS technology. The AFE (IA and the two PGAs) achieves an overall linearity of more than 12 bits, for an input range of 200μVpp to 20mVpp while consuming 300nW with a bandwidth of 0.05 - 250Hz. The power consumption of the SAR ADC is 40nW while operating at a sampling frequency of 1KHz. The ΣΔ ADC consumes 300nW at a sampling frequency of 32KHz with an OSR of 32. The proposed system is intended to be powered by an energy scavenging circuit without compromising its own performance. The system was successfully tested for an ECG signal obtained from PTB database

First determination of the CPCP content of D→π+π−π+π−D \to \pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^- and updated determination of the CPCP contents of D→π+π−π0D \to \pi^+\pi^-\pi^0 and D→K+K−π0D \to K^+K^-\pi^0

Quantum-correlated $\psi(3770) \to D\bar{D}$ decays collected by the CLEO-c experiment are used to perform a first measurement of $F_+^{4\pi}$, the fractional $CP$-even content of the self-conjugate decay $D \to \pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-$, obtaining a value of $0.737 \pm 0.028$. An important input to the measurement comes from the use of $D \to K^0_{\rm S}\pi^+\pi^-$ and $D \to K^0_{\rm L}\pi^+\pi^-$ decays to tag the signal mode. This same technique is applied to the channels $D \to\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$ and $D \to K^+K^-\pi^0$, yielding $F_+^{\pi\pi\pi^0} = 1.014 \pm 0.045 \pm 0.022$ and $F_+^{KK\pi^0} = 0.734 \pm 0.106 \pm 0.054$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. These measurements are consistent with those of an earlier analysis, based on $CP$-eigenstate tags, and can be combined to give values of $F_+^{\pi\pi\pi^0} = 0.973 \pm 0.017$ and $F_+^{KK\pi^0} = 0.732 \pm 0.055$. The results will enable the three modes to be included in a model-independent manner in measurements of the unitarity triangle angle $\gamma$ using $B^\mp \to DK^\mp$ decays, and in time-dependent studies of $CP$ violation and mixing in the $D\bar{D}$ system.Comment: Minor revisions following journal acceptanc

Data Privacy and Technological Ethics in Rural Area

In today's world of rapid increasing of technology, Data privacy and Ethics has become a major concern. The complexity of data and ethics poses incredible issues by collecting user personal information in digital world. the Digital service company usually bear responsibility of protecting users' personal data from unauthorized access however issue arise when service provider and platforms do not protect user collective data, and this led to data misuse and exposing sensible data of the person. To handling once data responsibly and ethically is important for safeguarding people's rights and preserving public trust. This study examines the ethical challenges in emerging technologies, including data privacy and ethics. The paper aims to provide awareness of data privacy and ethics in technology

Flavor-Symmetry Restoration and Symanzik Improvement for Staggered Quarks

We resolve contradictions in the literature concerning the origins and size of unphysical flavor-changing strong interactions generated by the staggered-quark discretization of QCD. We show that the leading contributions are tree-level in \order(a^2) and that they can be removed by adding three correction terms to the link operator in the standard action. These corrections are part of the systematic Symanzik improvement of the staggered-quark action. We present a new improved action for staggered quarks that is accurate up to errors of \order(a^4,a^2\alpha_s) --- more accurate than most, if not all, other discretizations of light-quark dynamics.Comment: 7 page

Liquid-like behaviour of gold nanowire bridges

A combination of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and Reactive Ion Etch (RIE) was used to fabricate free standing gold nanowire bridges with radii of 30 nm and below. These were subjected to point loading to failure at their mid-points using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), providing strength and deformation data. The results demonstrate a dimensionally dependent transition from conventional solid metallic properties to liquid-like behaviour including the unexpected reformation of a fractured bridge. The work reveals mechanical and materials properties of nanowires which could have significant impact on nanofabrication processes and nanotechnology devices such as Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS)