Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Interaction entre l'ordinateur « maître » et l'élève dans quelques situations d'apprentissage

This study is concerned with the use of micro-computers in education. Its main purpose is to identify the necessary conditions which must be fulfilled in ordrer to construct really interactive micro-computer programs in language and mathematics. The language and mathematics computer programs offered actually to teachers of elementary levels are first examined. The inadequacy of these programs are shown and explained by their lack of concern with actual knowledges in learning and in artificial intelligence. The analysis of two mathematics computer programs written in Lisp and Logo and applying some of the knowledges related to information processing model and to tutorial systems is used to discuss the possibilities of construction of interactive microcomputer programs in language and mathematics.Cette recherche se situe dans une perspective de développement des applications de la micro-informatique à l'éducation. Elle se propose d'identifier certaines conditions nécessaires à l'élaboration de didacticiels interactifs d'apprentissage en langage et en mathématiques. Un examen des contenus et des méthodes des didacticiels offerts présentement aux enseignants du primaire est d'abord effectué. Cet examen montre que la majorité de ces didacticiels ne tiennent pas compte des connaissances actuelles sur l'apprentissage, et sur l'intelligence artificielle et n'incluent pas des- processus d'analyse et d' inference permettant une interaction réelle avec l'élève. Une analyse de deux didacticiels en mathématiques, écrits en Lisp et en Logo et dotés de systèmes de représentation des informations et des processus similaires à ceux utilisés en intelligence artificielle, permet de préciser les conditions nécessaires à l'élaboration de didacticiels réellement interactifs.Lemoyne G., van Grunderbeeck N., Bolduc J. Interaction entre l'ordinateur « maître » et l'élève dans quelques situations d'apprentissage. In: Enfance, tome 38, n°2-3, 1985. L'ordinateur et l'écolier (II) : recherches expérimentales. pp. 133-146

Delayed but successful response to noninvasive ventilation in COPD patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure

Malcolm Lemyze,1,2 Quentin Bury,3 Aurélie Guiot,4 Marie Jonard,1,2 Usman Mohammad,2 Nicolas Van Grunderbeeck,5 Gaelle Gasan,1 Didier Thevenin,2 Jihad Mallat2 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Schaffner Hospital, Lens, 2Intensive Care Unit, Arras Hospital, Arras, 3Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Béthune Beuvry Hospital, Béthune, 4Department of Cardiology, Bois Bernard Hospital, Bois Bernard, 5Respiratory Step Down Unit, Schaffner Hospital, Lens, France Background: We evaluated a new noninvasive ventilation (NIV) protocol that allows the pursuit of NIV in the case of persistent severe respiratory acidosis despite a first NIV challenge in COPD patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF). Patients and methods: A prospective observational multicentric pilot study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals over a 12-month study period. A total of 155 consecutive COPD patients who were admitted for AHRF and treated by NIV were enrolled. Delayed response to NIV was defined as a significant clinical improvement in the first 48 h following NIV initiation despite a persistent severe respiratory acidosis (pH <7.30) after the first 2 h of NIV trial. Results: NIV failed in only 10 patients (6.5%). Delayed responders to NIV (n=83, 53%) exhibited similar nutritional status, comorbidities, functional status, frailty score, dyspnea score, and severity score at admission, compared with early responders (n=62, 40%). Only age (66 vs 70 years in early responders; P=0.03) and encephalopathy score (3 [2–4] vs 3 [2–4] in early responders; P=0.015) were different among the responders. Inhospital mortality did not differ between responders to NIV (n=10, 12% for delayed responders vs n=10, 16% for early responders, P=0.49). A second episode of AHRF occurred in 20 responders (14%), equally distributed among early and delayed responders to NIV (n=9, 14.5% in early responders vs n=11, 13% in delayed responders; P=0.83), with a poor survival rate (n=1, 5%). Conclusion: Most of the COPD patients with AHRF have a successful outcome when NIV is pursued despite a persistent severe respiratory acidosis after the first NIV trial. The outcome of delayed responders is similar to the one of the early responders. On the contrary, the second episode of AHRF during the hospital stay carries a poor prognosis. Keywords: noninvasive ventilation, acute respiratory failure, COPD, hypercapnia, intubation&nbsp