Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discusse

The impact of micronutrients on athletes’ vision: a retrospective analysis of revalent articles

The eyes, like other human organs, are deficient in nutrients during over-training, which can affect visual acuity and, accordingly, the quality of training.This article defines the importance of the organ of vision for sports results. It also provides an overview of the latest scientific research on the impact of biologically significant micronutrients on the functions of the visual analyzer with examples of products that help improve visual functions

The impact of visual functions on athletes’ results and methods of their improvements

Regardless of the sport, maintaining and improvement of visual functions in athletes act an important role in achieving personal records.In this article, the interrelationships between sports results and the state of visual functions were determined, as well as devices and methods were analyzed, thanks to which it is possible to improve functions of the visual analyzer

Metabolic Remodeling during Long-Lasting Cultivation of the Endomyces magnusii Yeast on Oxidative and Fermentative Substrates

In this study, we evaluated the metabolic profile of the aerobic microorganism of Endomyces magnusii with a complete respiration chain and well-developed mitochondria system during long-lasting cultivation. The yeast was grown in batches using glycerol and glucose as the sole carbon source for a week. The profile included the cellular biological and chemical parameters, which determined the redox status of the yeast cells. We studied the activities of the antioxidant systems (catalases and superoxide dismutases), glutathione system enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and reductase), aconitase, as well as the main enzymes maintaining NADPH levels in the cells (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase) during aging of Endomyces magnusii on two kinds of substrates. We also investigated the dynamics of change in oxidized and reduced glutathione, conjugated dienes, and reactive oxidative species in the cells at different growth stages, including the deep stationary stages. Our results revealed a similar trend in the changes in the activity of all the enzymes tested, which increased 2–4-fold upon aging. The yeast cytosol had a very high reduced glutathione content, 22 times than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and remained unchanged during growth, whereas there was a 7.5-fold increase in the reduced glutathione-to-oxidized glutathione ratio. The much higher level of reactive oxidative species was observed in the cells in the late and deep stationary phases, especially in the cells using glycerol. Cell aging of the culture grown on glycerol, which promotes active oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, facilitated the functioning of powerful antioxidant systems (catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione system enzymes) induced by reactive oxidative species. Moreover, it stimulated NADPH synthesis, regulating the cytosolic reduced glutathione level, which in turn determines the redox potential of the yeast cell during the early aging process

Metabolic Remodeling during Long-Lasting Cultivation of the Endomyces magnusii Yeast on Oxidative and Fermentative Substrates

In this study, we evaluated the metabolic profile of the aerobic microorganism of Endomyces magnusii with a complete respiration chain and well-developed mitochondria system during long-lasting cultivation. The yeast was grown in batches using glycerol and glucose as the sole carbon source for a week. The profile included the cellular biological and chemical parameters, which determined the redox status of the yeast cells. We studied the activities of the antioxidant systems (catalases and superoxide dismutases), glutathione system enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and reductase), aconitase, as well as the main enzymes maintaining NADPH levels in the cells (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase) during aging of Endomyces magnusii on two kinds of substrates. We also investigated the dynamics of change in oxidized and reduced glutathione, conjugated dienes, and reactive oxidative species in the cells at different growth stages, including the deep stationary stages. Our results revealed a similar trend in the changes in the activity of all the enzymes tested, which increased 2–4-fold upon aging. The yeast cytosol had a very high reduced glutathione content, 22 times than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and remained unchanged during growth, whereas there was a 7.5-fold increase in the reduced glutathione-to-oxidized glutathione ratio. The much higher level of reactive oxidative species was observed in the cells in the late and deep stationary phases, especially in the cells using glycerol. Cell aging of the culture grown on glycerol, which promotes active oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, facilitated the functioning of powerful antioxidant systems (catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione system enzymes) induced by reactive oxidative species. Moreover, it stimulated NADPH synthesis, regulating the cytosolic reduced glutathione level, which in turn determines the redox potential of the yeast cell during the early aging process

ГУМУСНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОЧВ ГОРНОГО АЛТАЯ И ЕГО ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОБУСЛОВЛЕННОСТЬ

The article describes the function of soil fertility humus performs; the function is important for ecosystems, biosphere and anthroposphere as well. Humus content of soil is revealed in different ways when experiencing anthropogenic influence in the areas differed in climate characteristics. The paper reveals necessity in appropriate estimation of relation between humus content of soil and environmental conditions. The possibility to forecast humus substances reaction by means of taking into consideration the effect goal and changing conditions of the system operation results in urgency of environmental conditions for the features of humus content of soil. The paper investigates the soils of different altitudinal belts moistened in arid, humid and balanced ways. The authors characterize humus content of soil in Altai Mountains which is very complicated area for agriculture. They study the fundamental climate characteristics of the territory; reveal the results of relation between humus soil content and climate characteristics; represent the regression models of Сгк: Сфк relation and moistening; and reveal regression equation on the basis of altitude. The regression models effectively describe the data which is proved by statistic criteria and diagrams. The regression equations can be applied when estimating environmental conditions of relation between humic components and in order to estimate them in natural environment influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors.Гумус выполняет одну из главнейших функций, которая важна для экосистем и биосферы, а также антропосферы в целом – функцию плодородия почв. При антропогенном воздействии на территориях с  разными климатическими параметрами гумус почв ведёт себя по-разному. Рассматривается проблема необходимости адекватной оценки зависимости состояния гумуса почв от экологических условий. Актуальность вопроса экологической обусловленности признаков состава и свойств гумуса почв вытекает из возможности прогнозировать поведение системы гумусовых веществ, зная направленность воздействия и изменения условий функционирования этой системы. Исследуются почвы разных высотных поясов в условиях аридного, гумидного и сбалансированного увлажнения. Дана краткая характеристика гумусного состояния современных почв Горного Алтая  – сложной в  сельскохозяйственном отношении территории. Изучены основные климатические показатели этой территории. Представлены результаты зависимости состава гумуса исследуемых почв от климатических параметров, выявлены модели регрессии между отношением Сгк :Сфк и увлажнением, а также получены аналогичные уравнения регрессии с учётом вы- соты местности над уровнем моря. Предложенные регрессионные модели адекватно описывают данные, о чём свидетельствуют статистические критерии и  графические отчёты. Уравнения регрессии могут использоваться при оценке экологической обусловленности соотношения компонентов гумуса и для оценки их поведения в процессе изменения природной среды под влиянием как естественных, так и антропогенных причин

Results of the federal program of development of vocational education in the Sverdlovsk region in the area «Presonnel training for defense-industrial sector»

В статье представлены результаты реализации Федеральной целевой программы «подготовка кадров для оборонно-промышленного комплекса» в Свердловской области за два года. Приведены результаты маркетинговых исследований, показана модернизация материально-технической базы, методического оснащения учебного процесса, представлены результаты государственной итоговой аттестации, трудоустройство выпускников.The article presents the results of the implementation of the federal target-oriented program "Personnel training for the defense-industrial sector" in the Sverdlovsk region for two years. The results of market investigations are shown; the results of the State Final Examination, the modernization of material-technical base and employment of graduates are also described

Assessment of the Macro-and Microelement Composition of Fly Ash from 50-Year-Old Ash Dumps in the Middle Urals (Russia)

The paper considers the macro-and micro-element composition of two ash dumps in the Middle Urals, where meadow and forest communities have been spontaneously forming for 50 years, as well as the effect of the plants on the changing composition of the ash. Higher contents of Cu, Co, Sn, Ga, and Yb were found in the deep ash layers of both dumps, while in the upper 20-cm layer, the trace element composition depended on the influence of different plant communities. Higher contents of Sr, Cr, Ni, Sn, and Co were revealed under meadows, and Ba, Zr, and La were found under the forest. The levels of element accumulation in the aboveground and underground parts of dominant plants were revealed. Increased content of Be, Ce, Ga, La, Sc, Y, and Yb was detected in areas where meadow plants were dominant and Zn and Ba in forest areas. The toxic elements Cd and Pb were highly accumulated in both communities, whereas Co was found only in meadows. The studied materials can serve as a base to assess the feasibility of processing and/or utilizing fly ash from ash dumps in the Middle Urals and similar ash dumps in other regions situated in the southern taiga. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [project number 121031700309-1 in ISSA SB RAS and project number FEUZ-2021-0014 in URFU]

Natural Forest Colonisation and Soil Formation on Ash Dump in Southern Taiga

Ash dumps occupy significant areas around the world and make a negative influence on the environment. This effect is decreased by their natural colonisation determined by the bioclimatic conditions of the area. The purpose of the current study was to identify the structure of the forest communities and the initial stages of soil formation on the ash dump in southern taiga. This study was carried out on three sites in the forest phytocoenosis formed in the process of revegetation of the Verkhniy Tagil Power Station ash dump over 50 years, as well as on two background forest sites in the Middle Urals. Complex geobotanical and soil studies were carried out. The results of the study show that forest phytocoenoses with a predominance of hardwood species (Betula pendula Roth and Populus tremula L.) and a small admixture of coniferous species can form on the non-recultivated ash dump within 50 years in a boreal zone. In total, the studied mixed forest phytocoenoses are similar in composition to zonal secondary forests, but differ by having lower height and diameter of the stand, as well as herb–shrub layer coverage. Their species density and floristic richness are also lesser. The study proved that the process of soil formation is also proceeding according to the zonal type in the ash substrate under forest communities. The results of the study can be applied to justifying the forecasts of ecosystem restoration on the technogenic substrate, as well as for the species selecting for their recultivation in the studied area and similar to it. © 2020 by the Committee on Forestry Sciences and Wood Technology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Forest Research Institute in S´kocin Stary