Drainage basin morphometric analysis and its relationship with altitude of Uttarkashi District

The area of investigation lies between Maneri and Gangnani along the Bhagirathi river in the lesser and central Himalayan block of Garhwal Himalayas. The rocks of Garhwal group are represented by quartzites, sericite quartzite’s and talc chlorite schist intruded by metabasics, whereas the Central crystallines are constituted by gneisses, schists, migmatites and amphibolites. For the purpose of drainage basin morphometric analysis 100 third order drainage basins were marked. Drainage basin morphometric parameters of 100 basins were calculated. On the basis of lithology and tectonic setup,the area was divided into three morphogenetic units viz Central crystallines, Thrust zone and Garhwal group. The basins which were situated below 2500 mts are categorized under low altitudes and above 2500 as basins of higher altitudes.The relationship between deainage basinmorphometric parameters and altitude suggest that basins situated at higher altitude have higher value of stream frequency, number of first and second order streams,fine texture and low drainage density

Lost in optimisation of water distribution systems? A literature review of system design

This is the final version of the article. Available from MDPI via the DOI in this record.Optimisation of water distribution system design is a well-established research field, which has been extremely productive since the end of the 1980s. Its primary focus is to minimise the cost of a proposed pipe network infrastructure. This paper reviews in a systematic manner articles published over the past three decades, which are relevant to the design of new water distribution systems, and the strengthening, expansion and rehabilitation of existing water distribution systems, inclusive of design timing, parameter uncertainty, water quality, and operational considerations. It identifies trends and limits in the field, and provides future research directions. Exclusively, this review paper also contains comprehensive information from over one hundred and twenty publications in a tabular form, including optimisation model formulations, solution methodologies used, and other important details

Lost in optimisation of water distribution systems? A literature review of system operation

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.Optimisation of the operation of water distribution systems has been an active research field for almost half a century. It has focused mainly on optimal pump operation to minimise pumping costs and optimal water quality management to ensure that standards at customer nodes are met. This paper provides a systematic review by bringing together over two hundred publications from the past three decades, which are relevant to operational optimisation of water distribution systems, particularly optimal pump operation, valve control and system operation for water quality purposes of both urban drinking and regional multiquality water distribution systems. Uniquely, it also contains substantial and thorough information for over one hundred publications in a tabular form, which lists optimisation models inclusive of objectives, constraints, decision variables, solution methodologies used and other details. Research challenges in terms of simulation models, optimisation model formulation, selection of optimisation method and postprocessing needs have also been identified

Prevalence of Rodents and Their Ectoparasitic Fleas in Erstwhile Plague Endemic Nilgiri Hills and Downhill Areas of Tamil Nadu State

A study has been carried out in the Nilgiri hills and downhill areas of erstwhile plague-endemic localities to determine the prevalence, density of rodents and rat fleas, their significance in plague surveillance and control activities undertaken in this region. Four species of rodents, viz., Rattus rattus, Bandicota bengaliensis, Bandicota indica and Mus musculus and one species of insectivore Suncus murianes were trapped in the study. Flea species recorded were given in the order of abundance Xenopsylla cheopis, Styvalius ahale, Nosophylla nilgiriensis and Xenopsylla astia. The absolute and specific flea index of X. cheopis the study computed for hilly and downhill villages were 0.39 and 0.20 respectively. When the prevalence of rodents and fleas was compared between the hilly and downhill areas of the study area, the trap-positive index, prevalence of rodents and fleas, absolute flea index and specific flea indices of X. cheopis were significantly higher in hilly areas than in downhill areas. The implication of the findings of the study on the plague surveillance and control activities undertaken in the erstwhile plague-endemic Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu state was discussed

Dexamethasone negatively regulates phenobarbitone-activated transcription but synergistically enhances cytoplasmic levels of cytochrome P-450b/e messenger RNA

Dexamethasone has a potentiating effect on phenobarbitone mediated induction of cytochrome P-450b + e mRNAs in adult rat liver. However, the glucocorticoid inhibits phenobarbitone-activated transcription of cytochrome P-450b + e mRNAs by 60-70s. This inhibitory effect is evident in run-off transcription of the endogenous genes as well as in the transcription of an added cloned gene fragment. Dexamethasone inhibits the phenobarbitone-mediated increase in the binding of a transcription factor(s) to the upstream region of the gene as evidenced by gel retardation and Southwestern blot analysis. The glucocorticoid does not stabilize the phenobarbitone-induced polyribosomal cytochrome P-450b + e mRNAs but appears to stabilize the nuclear transcripts. It is proposed that a negative element may mediate the action of dexamethasone at the level of nuclear transcription and stabilization of the nuclear transcript may account for the potentiating effect of the glucocorticoid on phenobarbitone-mediated increase in cytochrome P-450b + e mRNAs in the cytoplasm of the adult rat liver. However, the cytochrome P-450b protein levels are slightly lower in phenobarbitone+dexamethasone treatment than in phenobarbitone-treated liver microsomes

The Subsurface Resistivity Studies in Gampong Jawa Waste Disposal Banda Aceh

The research has been carried out about determining the subsurface resistivity values by using the VLF method in waste disposal (TPA) Gampong Jawa Banda Aceh. Measurement target is for investigate allegations of contaminant substances are disposed by the public at these locations based on the response of the magnetic and electric fields. The tools used are the T-VLF device with two electrodes and using three stations, namely the transmitter JJF4 Japan, NWC Australia and UMS Moscow. Broad expanse of measurements on L1 and L2 is 200 m, L3 and L4 is 150 m. There are 74 measuring points with spacing of 10 m. The result of this experiment showed that the four layers can be divided into two layers with different resistivity values. The first layer at a depth of 0-15 m with apparent resistivity of 2-25 Ωm, allegedly at this layer contained the contaminant substances. The second layer at a depth of 15 m with apparent resistivity of 25-101 Ωm, in this layer are water-resistant coating that can withstand water into and out of the landfill

Two case reports of accessory cavitated uterine mass-diagnostic challenges

Accessory and cavitated uterine mass (ACUM) is a rare Mullerian duct anomaly of unknown incidence, affects young women. ACUM symptoms such as dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain (CPP) resistant to common analgesics and hormonal contraceptives. Here we report two ACUM cases in our hospital within one year of period with different clinical manifestations. The idea behind reporting this-cases is to increase awareness of the above entity and for concurrent surgical treatment.