Growth and proteolytic activity of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae with different food rations during first feeding, using Artemia nauplii and compound diets

18 pages, 4 figures, 3 tablesExperiments were conducted to investigate growth and proteolytic activity of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris, reared with different diets and ration levels during first feeding. Four ration levels were tested, 0.2, 2, 4 and 10 Artemia nauplii ml−1 day−1 and co-feeding techniques were tested using 10 Artemia nauplii ml−1 day−1 plus three different compound millicapsules. Total proteolytic activity, trypsin and chymotrypsin levels were recorded from eggs, hatchlings and during the first month of paralarval rearing. Five days after hatching, paralarval weight and proteolytic activity was dependent on food ration. The low-food treatment did not lead to an increase in hatchling weight, in contrast with the positive increase of the other treatments. After 20 days, best survival was observed in treatments fed 2 and 4 nauplii ml−1 day−1. High nauplii rations of 10 nauplii ml−1 day−1 plus millicapsule diet treatments produced higher growth and higher proteolytic, trypsin and chymotrypsin levels, but poor survival. Total proteolytic activity was correlated with paralarval weight, whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin were maintained at hatchling levels only for the high food and co-feeding treatments, and decreased in the others. The trypsin activity in the high-food treatment showed a sharp increase after 15 days and 880 μg of the mean dry weight (2.5 times hatchling weight). Millicapsules were ingested by the paralarvae after 5 days but did not lead to a significant increase in weight. Enriched Artemia nauplii seem to be useful only as an initial diet until a doubling in hatchling weight is achieved. This period can extend from 11 to 14 days at 20 °C, after which a larger prey and/or suitable microdiet is requiredThis study was funded by the Centre de Referència de Recerca i Desenvolupament en Aqüicultura, Generalitat de Catalunya and by the Planes Nacionales JACUMAR, Secretaría General de Pesca Marítima, SpainPeer reviewe

Growth and proteolytic activity of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae with different food rations during first feeding, using Artemia nauplii and compound diets

18 pages, 4 figures, 3 tablesExperiments were conducted to investigate growth and proteolytic activity of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris, reared with different diets and ration levels during first feeding. Four ration levels were tested, 0.2, 2, 4 and 10 Artemia nauplii ml−1 day−1 and co-feeding techniques were tested using 10 Artemia nauplii ml−1 day−1 plus three different compound millicapsules. Total proteolytic activity, trypsin and chymotrypsin levels were recorded from eggs, hatchlings and during the first month of paralarval rearing. Five days after hatching, paralarval weight and proteolytic activity was dependent on food ration. The low-food treatment did not lead to an increase in hatchling weight, in contrast with the positive increase of the other treatments. After 20 days, best survival was observed in treatments fed 2 and 4 nauplii ml−1 day−1. High nauplii rations of 10 nauplii ml−1 day−1 plus millicapsule diet treatments produced higher growth and higher proteolytic, trypsin and chymotrypsin levels, but poor survival. Total proteolytic activity was correlated with paralarval weight, whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin were maintained at hatchling levels only for the high food and co-feeding treatments, and decreased in the others. The trypsin activity in the high-food treatment showed a sharp increase after 15 days and 880 μg of the mean dry weight (2.5 times hatchling weight). Millicapsules were ingested by the paralarvae after 5 days but did not lead to a significant increase in weight. Enriched Artemia nauplii seem to be useful only as an initial diet until a doubling in hatchling weight is achieved. This period can extend from 11 to 14 days at 20 °C, after which a larger prey and/or suitable microdiet is requiredThis study was funded by the Centre de Referència de Recerca i Desenvolupament en Aqüicultura, Generalitat de Catalunya and by the Planes Nacionales JACUMAR, Secretaría General de Pesca Marítima, SpainPeer reviewe

Combined effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on survival and growth of juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. in experimental rearing

The combined effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on survival and growth of juvenile cuttlefish has been studied in experimental rearing. During juvenile cuttlefish growth, survival and growth rate were low when the photoperiod was short (8 h of light and 16 h of dark). Increased frequency of diet did not stimulate the appetite of animals reared in normal or long photoperiod (16 h of light and 8 h of dark). However, by studying the combined effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency, we have demonstrated that an increase in feeding frequency can enhance survival and growth in the group receiving the shortest period of light per day. Temperature is an important factor in the regulation of the incubation period of eggs and of growth after hatching, but it also appears in this investigation that the combined effect of photoperiod and feeding frequency must be considered during growth of juvenile cuttlefish

Effect of enriched natural diet on survival and growth of juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L.

Juvenile cuttlefish hatched in the laboratory were reared for 30 days with different enriched diets, in spring and in summer. The groups fed an enriched natural diet exhibited a high rate of survival even when seawater quality decreased during the summer. The natural diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) induced faster growth in juvenile cuttlefish; the stimulating effect of PUFA on growth was evident during the very early juvenile stage, and the benefit resulted is conserved during further growth. The maximum daily ration was lower in groups fed with the enriched diet than in the control. These data indicate the importance of n−3 PUFA such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n−3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n−3) in cephalopod juvenile nutrition

Experimental study of enriched frozen diet on digestive enzymes and growth of juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca Cephalopoda)

Hatchlings cuttlefish were reared in the laboratory from hatching until 30 days old, fed with live shrimp, frozen shrimp or fish oil-enriched frozen shrimp. Survival of cuttlefish fed with oil-enriched frozen shrimp was better than in animals receiving live shrimp. However, there was no difference with cuttlefish fed with frozen shrimp, even if survival of those receiving oil-enriched frozen shrimp was always higher all along the experiment. Lower survival in animals fed with live shrimp represented the problem of using such food and confirms the necessity to elaborate an artificial food. Utilization of artemia was detrimental to growth and induced low values of instantaneous growth rate (IGR) and conversion rate even after feeding cuttlefish with shrimp. Nevertheless, growth parameters evolutions generally corresponded to those observed by other researchers. The profile noticed at the end of the experiment is typically observed when cuttlefish acquire their adult digestive system. Main differences were observed between groups fed with live shrimp or oil-enriched frozen shrimp. Enrichment did not induce same growth as in cuttlefish receiving live prey. However, at 20 and 25 days after hatching (DAH), in cuttlefish fed with oil-enriched frozen shrimp, ration was lower for the same growth than in other groups. These data showed capacity of juvenile cuttlefish to adjust their digestive enzyme activities according to the diet and the stage of development. Indeed, chymotrypsin was strongly influenced by enrichment, while other enzymes showed difference between live and frozen preys. Trypsin exhibited regulation by diet after 20 DAH. Freezing seemed to delay development as acid phosphatases, characteristic of first stages of cuttlefish, had lower activity in cuttlefish fed with live shrimp at 10 DAH. Moreover, influence of the stage of development was strong as activities between 20 and 30 DAH were different in all groups. This was in relation with evolution of the digestive system. These data illustrated the difficulty to elaborate optimal diet as digestive system evolves

Development of a bioassay from isolated digestive gland cells of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca Cephalopoda): effect of Cu, Zn and Ag on enzyme activities and cell viability

The purpose of this study was to establish a bioassay from isolated digestive gland cells of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis in order to observe the effect of heavy metals on digestive enzyme activities. Digestive cells were isolated using a pronase enzyme that was removed by several washings of the cell suspension. Cell viability was tested by the MTT assay (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium) and microscopic analysis. The results showed that isolated digestive cells could be maintained 24 h with preservation of whole digestive functionality, measured in terms of MTT test. In fact, the viability was maintained at a high level during 24 h and the intra- and extracellular digestive enzyme activities became stabilised rapidly. Furthermore, suspension cells responded to calcium ionophore and 8-Bromo-cAMP by an unspecific secretion of extracellular digestive enzyme, trypsin, which demonstrated that isolated digestive cells were functional. Using the bioassay, ecotoxicological studies showed that heavy metals could have effects on digestive enzyme activities after 24 h of an incubation time of the metal with the cells. In fact, zinc and silver affected trypsin and/or cathepsins specific activity of the cells. On the contrary, copper had no effect on digestive enzyme activities. Zinc, which is a trace element in all living animals, generated two different responses of cathepsins and cell viability. At a low concentration (0.02 μM), it increased viability and cathepsins specific activity, whereas at a high concentration (0.02 mM), zinc inhibited the cathepsins specific activity with an inhibition of cathepsins. For silver, whatever the tested concentration (0.02 mM or 0.02 μM), it has no impact on digestive gland isolated cell viability. Nevertheless, heavy metal induced high disturbance of enzymatic systems

Biochemical indices for instantaneous growth estimation in young cephalopod Sepia officinalisL.

Aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) activity was used to estimate instantaneous growth in young cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) reared under different diet conditions, and compared with estimation obtained by RNA concentration. During the first month of life, the changes in ATCase activity and RNA content of muscle are related to growth. ATCase appears to be a good index of growth during the first stage of intense cell multiplication. ATCase activity is correlated to food intake up to a maximum ration, but decreases when animals are more than 40 days old. The approach of using ATCase activity as a biochemical index for estimating short-term change in growth rates of young cuttlefish in experimental rearing could be extended to young cephalopods collected in the field, and used to predict the effect of biotic factors in recruitment

A prospective study on neonatal mortality and its predictors in a rural area in Burkina Faso: can MDG-4 be met by 2015?

OBJECTIVE: To measure the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and investigate its predictors in a rural area of Burkina Faso. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort of infants born in 24 villages in Banfora region was followed until the children were 6 months old. We estimated the risk of neonatal death and used logistic regression to identify its predictors. RESULT: Among 864 live births followed to day 28, there were 40 neonatal deaths, a NMR of 46.3 per 1000 live births (95% confidence intervals (CI): 22 to 70). Multivariable regression identified twin birth (OR=11.5, 95% CI: 4.5 to 29.8), having a nulliparous mother (odds ratio (OR)=4.3, 95% CI: 1.5 to 12.1), and birth into a polygynous household (OR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.7) as main predictors of neonatal death. CONCLUSION: The burden of neonatal mortality in rural Burkina Faso is very high and the observed NMRs in a predominantly rural country suggest that it is unlikely Burkina will meet fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG-4) by 2015