Current concepts of the management of dental extractions for patients taking warfarin

The document attached has been archived with permission from the Australian Dental Association. An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.Background: Controversy has surrounded the correct management of patients therapeutically anticoagulated with warfarin who require dental extractions. The risk of bleeding must be weighed up against the risk of thromboembolism when deciding whether to interfere with a patient's warfarin regimen. An improved understanding of the importance of fibrinolytic mechanisms in the oral cavity has resulted in the development of various local measures to enable these patients to be treated on an outpatient basis. Methods: A review of the literature was undertaken. This was supplemented by the authors' clinical trials and extensive clinical experience with anticoagulated patients. Results: Various protocols for treating patients taking warfarin have been reviewed and summarized and an overview of the haemostatic and fibrinolytic systems is presented. A protocol for management of warfarinized patients requiring dental extractions in the outpatient setting is proposed. Conclusions: Patients therapeutically anticoagulated with warfarin can be treated on an ambulatory basis, without interruption of their warfarin regimen provided appropriate local measures are used.G Carter, AN Goss, JV Lloyd, R Tocchett

Costa Rica: National level assessment of the role of economic instruments in the conservation policymix

POLICYMIX aims to contribute to achieving the EUs goals of reversing trends in biodiversity loss beyond 2010 through the use of cost-effective and incentive compatible economic instruments. POLICYMIX focuses on the role of economic instruments in a mix of operational conservation policy instruments. The project includes seven case studies from six countries: Norway, Germany, Portugal, Finland, Brazil (Mato Grosso and Mata Atlantica) and Costa Rica. The present report discusses Costa Rican biodiversity goals and the main policies historically implemented to reach conservation objectives. The study first discusses national current biodiversity status and challenges; then an assessment of the existing economic instruments is presented to later analyze their roles in the policy mix for forest biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision. Instruments considered in the analysis are the national payment for ecosystem services program, protected areas, certification and law-enforced measures.Centro Agron?mico Tropical de Investigaci?n y Ense?anza (CATIE)-MA

The self-growing concept - a novel framework developed by the FP7 CONSERN project

The CONSERN project (COoperative aNd Self growing Energy awaRe Networks) develops the novel Self-Growing concept. It is part of the European Commission's FP7 research initiative focusing on the following two major research directions: i) Solutions for optimised energy and power consumption in a small scale, purpose-driven network through balancing autonomic and cooperative approaches and ii) mechanisms for the self-evolvement of the network towards a large-scale, multi-purpose network. This paper will detail mechanisms developed within CONSERN that allow an on-going integration of existing networks in an ever-growing, complex environment, applying continuous self-optimization mechanisms and guaranteeing a minimized level of power-consumption, resource usage efficiency

Intrinsic disorder in Viral Proteins Genome-Linked: experimental and predictive analyses

Background: VPgs are viral proteins linked to the 5' end of some viral genomes. Interactions between several VPgs and eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4Es are critical for plant infection. However, VPgs are not restricted to phytoviruses, being also involved in genome replication and protein translation of several animal viruses. To date, structural data are still limited to small picornaviral VPgs. Recently three phytoviral VPgs were shown to be natively unfolded proteins.Results: In this paper, we report the bacterial expression, purification and biochemical characterization of two phytoviral VPgs, namely the VPgs of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV, genus Sobemovirus) and Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV, genus Potyvirus). Using far-UV circular dichroism and size exclusion chromatography, we show that RYMV and LMV VPgs are predominantly or partly unstructured in solution, respectively. Using several disorder predictors, we show that both proteins are predicted to possess disordered regions. We next extend theses results to 14 VPgs representative of the viral diversity. Disordered regions were predicted in all VPg sequences whatever the genus and the family. Conclusion: Based on these results, we propose that intrinsic disorder is a common feature of VPgs. The functional role of intrinsic disorder is discussed in light of the biological roles of VPgs