GENETICS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Genetic characteristics of host organism may cause susceptibility to a variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi, as well as influence the course of infectious diseases. Multiple studies indicate the existence of alleles predisposing to infections. Furthermore, there are about 300 nosological entities of primary immunodeficiencies (PID), i.e., inherited defects of immunity. Timely diagnosis of such conditions is quite challenging; however, it is vital for improving quality of patient care. Modern methods of DNA analysis allow establishing genetic causes of vulnerability to certain infectious agents in many individual

30 лет на службе во благо здоровья детей: учим, лечим, пишем, творим

The article, dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Department of Infectious Diseases in Children of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education of the St. Petersburg State Medical Pediatric University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, outlines the history of the creation and development of the department. The results of the comprehensive activities of the department are reflected: educational, research, organizational and methodological, treatment and diagnostic and advisory. The main directions and results of scientific work, their effectiveness when introduced into practical health care are described. The educational-methodical developments of the department, published in recent years, are presented, which are an important tool for improving the professional level of doctors. It is noted that by increasing the educational level of medical personnel, the department contributes to improving the quality of medical care for children, thereby not only taking part in improving the demographic situation in the country, but also in ensuring its national security.В статье, посвященной 30-летию со дня основания кафедры инфекционных заболеваний у детей ФП и ДПО Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского педиатрического университета Минздрава России, изложена история создания и развития кафедры. Отражены итоги всесторонней деятельности кафедры: образовательной, научно-исследовательской, организационно-методической, лечебно-диагностической и консультативной. Описаны основные направления и результаты научной работы, их эффективность при внедрении в практическое здравоохранение. Представлены учебно-методические разработки кафедры, изданные за последние годы, являющиеся важным пособием для повышения профессионального уровня врачей. Отмечено, что повышая образовательный уровень медицинского персонала, кафедра способствует совершенствованию качества оказания медицинской помощи детям, тем самым не только принимает участие в улучшении демографической ситуации в стране, но и в обеспечении ее Национальной безопасности

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CYTOKINES SERUM LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH CHICKEN POX

The serum levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IFNα, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10 were tested in ELISA in 74 children with different courses of chicken pox. Moderate severity course of chicken pox was accompanied by significant increase of IL-1β, IL-8, IFNα, IFNγ, IL-10 levels, but severe course of infection was associated with cytokine response reduction. Manifestation of varicella-zoster virus encephalitis was accompanied by the rise of IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ and IL-10 levels during the second week of disease

Uranium stripping from tri-n-butyl phosphate by hydrogen peroxide solutions

The processes of uranium stripping from 30% tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in "odorless" kerosene by H2O2 solutions both with and without NH4OH added were investigated in the temperature range of 20-50 C and with a volumetric ratio of 1 between the organic and aqueous phases. The uranium was selectively precipitated in the form of uranium peroxide during stripping from the organic phase by hydrogen peroxide. The stripping of uranium increased with increasing H2O2 content, increasing temperature and increasing concentration of NH3 in the range of 0-15 g/L. The use of a heated solution (40 C) that contained 4 mol H 2O2/mol U and NH3 12 g/L resulted in 99.7% of the uranium being stripped from TBP in the form of uranium peroxide. The uranium peroxide obtained by stripping is a highly pure product that exists in two different hydrated forms: UO4в̂™4H2O (92 mass %) and UO4в̂™2H2O. The mean particle diameter was 20.75 μm. The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the organic phase was studied by IR spectroscopy. No structural changes in TBP were observed after 30 cycles of extraction/stripping; thus, the use of hydrogen peroxide in this application is unrestricted. © 2013 Elsevier B.V

ИСТОРИЯ И РАЗВИТИЕ КАФЕДРЫ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ У ДЕТЕЙ (к 20-летнему юбилею кафедры инфекционных болезней у детей факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки Санкт-Петербургской государственной педиатрической медицинской академии

In the article described stages of formation and different lines of activity of the chair of infectious diseases in children of faculty of professional skill improvement and professional retraining of the St-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy during 20 years. Personal data of employees of the chair and their scientific interests are presented.В статье описаны этапы становления и различные направления деятельности кафедры инфекционных заболеваний у детей факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки Санкт-Петербургской государственной педиатрической академии в течение 20 лет. Представлены персональные сведения о сотрудниках кафедры и их научные приоритеты

Magnetic resonance imaging as a tool of differential diagnostic in the brainstem damage in children

In this review, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented as a tool for the differential diagnostics of the brainstem lesions in children. It has been shown that both the isolated brainstem lesions or those related to the supratentorial changes occur within a wide range of pathological conditions in acute stroke, dismetabolic disorders, inflammatory processes of both the infectious and non-infectious (autoimmune, paraneoplastic) etiology, neurodegenerative diseases, tumors. A small size of the brainstem, as well as a less clear distinction between the gray and white matter and certain limitations of visualization of the infratentorial structures with multiparametric MRI often lead to difficulties in the differential diagnosis. Sometimes the most important in the diagnostics is the topography of lesions and their signal intensity. Nevertheless, the clinical data, the results of epidemiological and laboratory studies are of primary importance for the differential diagnosis of brainstem lesions

Quantitative electroencephalography indicators in children with acute purulent meningitis

The aim of the present work was to assess the state of brain bioelectrical activity in children during the acute period of bacterial purulent meningitis, with quantitative mathematical analysis of the changes found. The studies included 31 children on days 1 and 6 from onset of illness: 16 children (8.9 ± 2.4 years) admitted to the Pediatric Scientifi c Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases with laboratory confi rmation of diagnoses of purulent meningitis (due to Neisseria meningitidis) (n = 11) or Streptomyces pneumoniae (n = 2) or unidentifi ed pathogen (n = 3)), along with 15 healthy childre

ГЕНЕТИКА ПРЕДРАСПОЛОЖЕННОСТИ К ИНФЕКЦИОННЫМ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМ

Genetic characteristics of host organism may cause susceptibility to a variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi, as well as influence the course of infectious diseases. Multiple studies indicate the existence of alleles predisposing to infections. Furthermore, there are about 300 nosological entities of primary immunodeficiencies (PID), i.e., inherited defects of immunity. Timely diagnosis of such conditions is quite challenging; however, it is vital for improving quality of patient care. Modern methods of DNA analysis allow establishing genetic causes of vulnerability to certain infectious agents in many individualsГенетические особенности организма играют важную роль в развитии инфекционных заболеваний, обусловливая восприимчивость к разнообразным бактериям, вирусам и грибам, а также оказывая влияние на течение болезни. Многочисленные исследования свидетельствуют о существовании аллелей предрасположенности к инфекциям. Кроме того, в настоящее время известно около 300 нозологических форм первичных иммунодефицитов (ПИД), которые представляют собой наследственные дефекты иммунитета. Своевременная диагностика таких состояний представляет значительные трудности, однако она крайне необходима для повышения качества лечения пациентов. Использование современных методов ДНК-анализа во многих случаях позволяет установить генетическую причину уязвимости по отношению к тем или иным инфекционным агентам.

Conduction studies of phrenic nerve in healthy children

Background. Unlike parameters of phrenic nerve conduction in healthy adults characterized by stability, in children variations with age are observed. The objective is to investigate the M-wave latency and amplitude in electroneurographic (ENG) examination of the phrenic nerve in healthy children of different ages for development of a normative database of neurophysiological data.Materials and methods. 48 healthy children (28 girls and 20 boys) were examined. Mean age was 9.19 ± 5.43 years (1–18 years). ENG examination of the phrenic nerve was performed with the modified standard procedure of stimulation at the level of the outer margin of the lower third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle with registration of M-wave from standard diaphragm point and parallel registration of the muscle activity from m.deltoideus and m.serratus anterior.Results. Mean values of the M-response latency were 5.64 ± 1.25 ms, amplitude – 0.66 ± 0.34 mV. For age-differentiated subgroups 1–2 years (n = 7), 3–5 years (n = 9), 6–12 years (n = 15), and 13–18 years (n = 17), the latency was 4.96 ± 1.94; 5.01 ± 1.13; 5.42 ± 0.84, and 6.44 ± 1.43 ms, respectively; the amplitude was 1.01 ± 0.37; 0.87 ± 0.31; 0.61 ± 0.24, and 0.45 ± 0.21 mV, respectively. The M-response amplitude values in children aged 1–2 years significantly differed from the values in children aged 6–12 and 13–18 years.Conclusion. ENG examination of the phrenic nerve is a technically uncomplicated procedure, and the obtained data is easy to interpret. During phrenic nerve ENG in children, it is necessary to take age variability of the M-wave latency and amplitude into account. The M-wave amplitude in healthy toddlers (1–2 years old) was significantly lower than in children aged 6–18 years

ИММУНОПАТОГЕНЕЗ ИНФЕКЦИОННО-ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

The revue includes the contemporary information about the role of resident cells of the CNS (astrocytes, microglia) in development of innate immune response against pathogen (or its products) invasion in the brain. The detection of invading pathogens by pattern-recognition (Toll-like) receptors of neuroglia is described. Also is described the production by these cells of inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines, as well as inflammation downregulating factors that protect the CNS from alteration and degeneration.В обзоре даны современные представления о роли резидентных клеток ЦНС (астроциты, микроглия) в развитии врожденного иммунного ответа при проникновении в мозг возбудителя или его антигенов. Описан механизм распознавания возбудителя «паттерн распознающими» (Toll-подобными) рецепторами клеток нейроглии и продукция этими клетками как медиаторов воспаления, включая провоспалительные цитокины, так и факторов негативной регуляции воспаления, защищающих ЦНС от повреждения и дегенерации