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    Mediensprache als eines der Hauptmittel zur Massenbeeinflussung

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    Metalanguage as pedagogical phenomenon and its role in language development of personality at school

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    The aim of this article is to consider psychological and pedagogical mechanisms of personal language development and formation of humanitarian culture of schoolchildren as part of their general culture by means of language as a symbolic and cultural phenomenon. Methods. Theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization, specification, comparison, classification are the methods applied in this research. Conclusions are made on the basis of contemporary socio-cultural and linguistic situation analysis of fundamental psycho-pedagogical and linguistic theories and generalization of experience of the network project Β«Language personality development in the system of general education at schools of the Tyumen regionΒ». Results. It is proved that effective language education in the context of contemporary socio-cultural situation and new educational standard requirements is possible on the basis of updating axiological humanitarian approaches, which are linguistic and culturological, semiotic, hermeneutic; and help to design the metalanguage educational space as a space of intersection of different languages, subject-specific and interdisciplinary, cognitive and linguistic pictures of the world, between different speech practices. The article considers the nature and content of the metalanguage, based on mental corpus of individuals, including cultural, linguistic, semiotic concepts, metaphorical layer of language, cognitive metaphors, idioms, phraseological units, etc. It is proved that reading and understanding of text, its analysis and personal interpretation, production of Β«secondaryΒ» and Β«counterΒ» texts are the main types of metalanguage activities in the process of general personality development, when metalanguage is a mechanism of conceptualization of individual consciousness, the formation of individual linguistic picture of the world and individual concept sphere, enrichment of personal worldviews and sensitive experience, and value development of metatext of culture. Scientific novelty. The article reveals the author’s concept of language development and metalanguage as a pedagogical phenomenon, which in the educational semiotics is systemic. The concept of metalanguage, which is a universal language, the language of culture is a broad way to build meta-scientific concepts, a tool of mastering all subject areas and different Β«subjectΒ» languages at school. Practical significance. The materials provided in this article will help teachers, heads of educational institutions in the implementation of new language policies and organization of the process of language development of personality based on humanitarian approaches ЦСль ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ – Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ психолого-пСдагогичСскиС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹ языкового развития личности ΠΈ формирования Π³ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ школьников ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ части ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ языка ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ исслСдования. Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ тСорСтичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, синтСза, обобщСния, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, сравнСния, классификации. Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ сдСланы Π½Π° основС ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π° соврСмСнной ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ языковой ситуации, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… психолого-пСдагогичСских ΠΈ языковых Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° школ ВюмСнской области, ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ сСтСвого ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° Β«Π―Π·Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ личности Π² систСмС ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ образования». Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ДоказываСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эффСктивноС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ языкового образования школьников Π² контСкстС соврСмСнной ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ситуации ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стандартов Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° основС Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ цСнностно-смыслового ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π³ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² – Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, сСмиотичСского, гСрмСнСвтичСского, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ мСтаязыковоС ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ пространство ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ пространство пСрСсСчСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… языков, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ языковой ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°, взаимодСйствия Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊ. РассмотрСны ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ содСрТаниС мСтаязыка, основу ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ составляСт ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ лСксикон личности, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚Ρ‹, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚Ρ‹, сСмиотичСскиС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚Ρ‹, мСтафоричСский слой языка, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ„ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ Ρ‚. ΠΏ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ тСкста, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈ личностная интСрпрСтация, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ…Β» ΠΈ «встрСчных» тСкстов – Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ мСтаязыковой Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π² процСссС ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ развития личности, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ мСтаязык выступаСт ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сознания, формирования ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ языковой ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ концСптосфСры, обогащСния личностного ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° понимания ΠΈ смыслового ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°, цСнностного освоСния мСтатСкста ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹. Научная Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ раскрываСтся авторская концСпция языкового развития личности ΠΈ мСтаязыка ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ пСдагогичСского Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ сСмиотикС носит ΡΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€. Вводится понятиС мСтаязыка, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ прСдставляСт собой ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ язык, язык ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ являСтся способом ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ построСния понятий, инструмСнтом освоСния всСх ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… областСй ΠΈ Β«ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ…Β» языков ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… дисциплин. ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. Π˜Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ, руководитСлям ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… языковых стратСгий ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ процСсса языкового развития личности Π½Π° основС Π³ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²

    The formation of practice-oriented research activity of teachers in the regional educational environment (analysis of the experience of the tyumen region)

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    The article considers the problem of forming practice-oriented research activities of teachers in the context of modernization of the national teacher education. On the analysis of the educational experience of the Tyumen region considers the role of regional educational environment in the implementation of new integration approaches in the training of teachers. The structure and main components of the regional educational environment, the basic directions and ways of its realizationΠ’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ рассматриваСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° формирования ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π² условиях ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ пСдагогичСского образования. На Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° ВюмСнской области рассматриваСтся Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ срСды Π² Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ структура ΠΈ основныС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ срСды, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ основныС направлСния ΠΈ способы Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»

    THE PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTIC EDUCATION AT SCHOOL AND PERSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

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    The article makes an attempt to outline the range of issues and perspective directions of teachers’ professional training at postgraduate courses in accordance with the actual problems of linguistic education at school in the context of contemporary socio-cultural situation, which is characterized by the expansion of information and communication fields, change in types of culture and the crisis of speech standard; to define the reasons of the insufficient quality of language education, which today has a fragmented, unsystematic character; to prove the necessity to change the attitude of students and teachers to language. The overview analysis of the philosophy of language, psychological and pedagogical approaches to the language as a holistic construct to form sense and creativity, means to express public consciousness, energy and spirit of the people, identifies the basic functions and value (instrumental, world forming, mental) of the language in the formation of a personality. The article proves that linguistic development at school should be based on a deep understanding of the spiritual nature of language, the conscious relation to language as mental spiritual values, the integrator of culture and universal instrument of world creation, cultural self construction of a personality.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдпринята ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ ΠΈ пСрспСктивныС направлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° курсах ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² соотвСтствии с Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ языкового образования Π² школС Π² контСкстС соврСмСнной ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ситуации, которая характСризуСтся Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поля, смСной Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ ΠΈ кризисом ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ слова; ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ нСдостаточного качСства языкового образования, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ носит сСгодня Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ, бСссистСмный Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€; Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ измСнСния ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ языку ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². На ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ философии языка, извСстных психолого-пСдагогичСских ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ языку ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ цСлостному ΡΠΌΡ‹ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΈ смыслотворчСскому конструкту, Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŽ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŽ общСствСнного сознания, энСргии ΠΈ Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π° Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ основныС Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅, ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅) языка Π² становлСнии личности. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ доказываСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ языковоС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π² школС Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ сущности языка, осознанном ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ языку ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ цСнности, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ инструмСнту миросозидания, ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° личности

    Introduction as a Genre of Auto-Commentary in Works of I. S. Turgenev

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    The phenomenon of the author’s reflection on his works is considered on the basis of the introductions by I. S. Turgenev. The absence of special works on this topic allows us to speak about the novelty of the study. Its relevance is associated with raising the question of the specifics and role of the author’s understanding of the meaning of his own works and its correlation with the perception of the reader. The results of a comparative analysis of all of Turgenev’s introductions are presented in the article. The attitude of Turgenev to the opinion of the reader and criticism is shown. It is proved that Turgenev’s introductions β€œdo not justify” their theoretical expectations, because the writer deliberately refuses to comment on the intentionality and meaning of his works in them. It is concluded that this allows the writer to express a theoretically important idea about the β€œnon-interference” of the writer in the text he created. Particular attention is paid to the β€œIntroduction to the Novels”, which is a kind of metatext uniting all six works of this genre, which allows Turgenev to determine the main direction and principles of his work. It is shown that these issues are considered by the writer in the context of general aesthetic problems: the specifics of artistic cognition, freedom of creativity, the conscious and unconscious in art, the relationship between the artist and the critic / reader, etc

    Action Immersion in the Social and Cultural Environment in the Course of Adult’s Foreign Language Training

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    РассматриваСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π²Ρ‹Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π° Π½Π΅ самоактуализированного обучСния иностранному языку студСнтов, Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² образования, прСдставитСлСй практичСских сфСр Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ тСорСтичСскиС ΠΈ мСтодичСскиС возмоТности прСодолСния дСструктивных проявлСний возникшСй потрСбности Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ иностранному языку. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-мСтодологичСскиС прСдпосылки ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² контСкстС Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° гуманистичСского ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΉ отСчСствСнной психолого-пСдагогичСской Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ.This article deals with the problem of forced and Self-actualized teaching of a foreign language for students, workers of education and representatives of practical spheres of activity. The authors reveal some theoretical and methodological possibilities to overcome the destructive manifestations of the needs arising in effective foreign language teaching. Theoretical and methodological assumptions are justified in the context of the analysis of humanistic approach and activity theory traditions of Russian psychological and pedagogical science

    Dialogue between A. S. Khomyakov and I. V. Kireevsky on the Character of Russian and European Enlightenment

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    The article was submitted on 12.02.2018.This article focuses on the dialogue between A. S. Khomyakov and I. V. Kireevsky on the Russian and European Enlightenment. Comparative analysis of Kireevsky’s On the Character of European Enlightenment and Its Relation to Russian Enlightenment (1852) and Khomyakov’s On I. V. Kireevsky’s Article β€œOn the Character of European Enlightenment and Its Relation to Russian Enlightenment” (1852) illustrates their understanding of an issue which motivated their further creative and intellectual communication. This not only helps us to see the unity of Slavophile opinion but also each authors’ individual attitude towards the matter at hand. According to them, the Russian and European Enlightenment differed in their origin and content. Both philosophers see the Enlightenment as a universal category which not only characterises intellectual activity connected with education and the peculiarity of scholarly knowledge, but also the moral, spiritual, and aesthetic values of society, people’s behaviour, and everyday life. While the two philosophers generally agree on the understanding of the issue, some of their conclusions are different. Thus, Khomyakov holds a more sympathetic position on the European question: he gives a detailed account of those achievements of European culture which became the common heritage of mankind and is more critical of the medieval period of Russian history, referring to historical facts. Kireevsky makes more general statements and is selective when it comes to illustrating his arguments with examples from European and Russian history. Ultimately, both philosophers recognise the advantages of the Russian Enlightenment, whose nature they both characterise as integrated, reasonable, and inspired by faith, unlike the bifurcated nature and deliberativeness of the European Enlightenment. Both Kireevsky and Khomyakov aim to avoid contrasting Russia and Europe, concluding that their inner connections are historically grounded and enrich both Russian and European cultures.РассматриваСтся Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ философов-публицистов А. Π‘. Π₯омякова ΠΈ И. Π’. ΠšΠΈΡ€Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎ русском ΠΈ СвропСйском просвСщСнии. БоотнСсСниС Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ ΠšΠΈΡ€Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ «О Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ просвСщСния Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ России» (1852) ΠΈ Π₯омякова «По ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ И. Π’. ΠšΠΈΡ€Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β€œΠž Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ просвСщСния Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ России”» (1852) раскрываСт ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹, ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ для ΠΈΡ… творчСского ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ общСния. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ позволяСт ΡƒΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Сдинство Β«ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ», Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ взгляд Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° обсуТдаСмоС явлСниС. РусскоС ΠΈ СвропСйскоС просвСщСниС, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈ Π² своих истоках, ΠΈ своСм содСрТании. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ… философов являСтся ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, которая Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ собствСнно ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ с ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, спСцификой Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ знания, Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ нравствСнныС, Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅, эстСтичСскиС цСнности общСства ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ людСй. Бовпадая Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ сути понимания ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹, философы расходятся Π² рядС частных Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ Π₯омякова ΠΏΠΎ СвропСйскому вопросу оказываСтся Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ сочувствСнной, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΎ достиТСниях СвропСйской ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ стали ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΌ достояниСм чСловСчСства, ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π”Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ Руси, ΡΡΡ‹Π»Π°ΡΡΡŒ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ историчСскиС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹. ΠšΠΈΡ€Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π² большСй ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ стрСмится ΠΊ обобщСниям, ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ привлСкая ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» русской ΠΈ СвропСйской истории. Π’ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π° Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡŽΡ‚ прСимущСство русского просвСщСния, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ «раздвоСнности» ΠΈ рассудочности СвропСйского просвСщСния. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя ΠΈ ΠšΠΈΡ€Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈ Π₯омяков стрСмятся ΡƒΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ ТСсткого противопоставлСния России ΠΈ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ ΠΈ приходят ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΡ… Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ связи историчСски Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€ΡƒΡΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ

    The Criterion of Usefulness in the Evaluation of Art in the Russian Literary Criticism of the 1860s

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    ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ 18.10.2017. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π° ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ 30.01.2018.Submitted on 18 October, 2017. Accepted on 30 January, 2018.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π² русской ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ 1860-Ρ… Π³Π³. ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ «полСзности» искусства. Π‘ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ публицистичСской ΠΈ эстСтичСской ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ М. Н. ΠšΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Н. Π”. ΠΡ…ΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ. ΠšΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ дискуссии этого ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° продСмонстрировали Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ вопросы, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ сохранСнии ряда константных ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·Ρ‹ искусства ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ популяризатора Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ знания, Π°ΠΊΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ; ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ цСнности искусства ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ-нравствСнного воздСйствия Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°; полСмичСскоС заявлСниС ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ «практичСской» бСсполСзности, избыточности, с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ взгляда Π½Π° Π²Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ. Π˜Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ авторская мСтодология, собствСнныС аксиологичСскиС прСдпочтСния обусловили Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ 1850–1860-Ρ… Π³Π³. вопроса ΠΎ пользС искусства. Π’Π°ΠΊ, Н. Π“. Π§Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ считаСт, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ пропагандируя, популяризируя Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ знания, искусство ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ сознаниС Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ говоря, Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ для Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ практичСски ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ. А. Π’. Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½, Π’. П. Π‘ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ½, П. Π’. АннСнков, говоря ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ искусства, Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ эту ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ. Для М. Н. ΠšΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° прСдставлСниС ΠΎ пользС искусства оказываСтся связано с ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π΅ΠΉ свободы худоТСствСнного творчСства, Π΅Π³ΠΎ нСзависимости ΠΎΡ‚ любого внСшнСго Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°. Н. Π”. ΠΡ…ΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ сам ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ искусству. ВмСстС с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΈ свои Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сблиТСния, внСшнС Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅, Π½ΠΎ сущСствСнныС для понимания слоТности Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… эстСтичСских Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ самой эпохи. ПолСмика Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ 1850–1860-Ρ… Π³Π³. ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·Ρ‹ искусства ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ этой аксиологичСской ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ историчСской измСнчивости. Однако, нСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ истолкования этой ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½Π° остаСтся константным понятиСм, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Π² Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°Ρ… общСства ΠΈ частного Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Ρ†Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ искусства, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. ΠΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ для эпохи всСобщих ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° сСрСдина XIX Π²., эти вопросы ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ вострСбованными Π² любоС врСмя, способноС ΠΊ рСфлСксии ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Β«Π²Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ…Β» ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ.This article considers discussions about the purpose and usefulness of art which took place in the Russian literary criticism of the 1860s. A comparative analysis of journalistic and aesthetic criticism as well as works by M. N. Katkov and N. D. Akhsharumov leads the author to conclude that the critical discussions of the period in question had a variety of answers to these questions, but there was a number of recurring ideas. Art is seen as a tool for popularising scientific knowledge and has enlightening functions; it is recognised as a valuable factor capable of spiritually and morally influencing people; it is regarded as lacking practical usefulness, and superfluous when considered from the rational viewpoint. Depending on the authors’ methods and their own axiological preferences, the usefulness of art was considered differently between the 1850s and 1860s. For instance, N. G. Chernyshevsky argues that when promoting and popularising academic knowledge, art helps change people’s consciousness and improve their material and social status, in other words, it can become practically useful. A. V. Druzhinin, V. P. Botkin, and P. V. Annenkov do not use any evaluative categories when speaking about the role and meaning of art. For M. N. Katkov, the idea of usefulness of art is connected with the idea of creative freedom, and independence of creative work from any dictatorship from without. N. D. Akhshrumov thinks the criterion of usefulness cannot be applied to art at all. In spite of the polemic nature of the issue, all the above mentioned approaches manifest certain similarities, though not obvious enough, but anyway significant for the understanding of the complex relations between different aesthetic theories and key problems of the epoch. Discussions about the usefulness of art in the criticism of the 1850s–1860s testify to the relativity of this axiological category and its historical changeability. However, regardless of the interpretations of the category, it remains a constant notion which determines the value of art for an individual and society as a whole as well as its purpose and need for it. Such issues were topical in the 19th century, an era of change, and they remain relevant in any epoch capable of reflection and not indifferent to β€˜eternal’ questions

    Evaluation of rate of pathological changes in parenchymal organs for embryo of caspian seal <i>Phoca caspica</i> in modern conditions of the ecosystem in the Caspian Sea

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    Pathological changes of the caspian seal fetus caused by negative processes in the mother’s organism under influence of disease and harmful environments are investigated. For that, parenchymal organs of the fetus are examined by histological methods. Active replacement of the fetus’ tissues by conjunctive tissue is detected in all organs, the most profound abnormalities are registered in the kidney and live
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