21,523 research outputs found
Tensor network states and algorithms in the presence of a global U(1) symmetry
Tensor network decompositions offer an efficient description of certain
many-body states of a lattice system and are the basis of a wealth of numerical
simulation algorithms. In a recent paper [arXiv:0907.2994v1] we discussed how
to incorporate a global internal symmetry, given by a compact, completely
reducible group G, into tensor network decompositions and algorithms. Here we
specialize to the case of Abelian groups and, for concreteness, to a U(1)
symmetry, often associated with particle number conservation. We consider
tensor networks made of tensors that are invariant (or covariant) under the
symmetry, and explain how to decompose and manipulate such tensors in order to
exploit their symmetry. In numerical calculations, the use of U(1) symmetric
tensors allows selection of a specific number of particles, ensures the exact
preservation of particle number, and significantly reduces computational costs.
We illustrate all these points in the context of the multi-scale entanglement
renormalization ansatz.Comment: 22 pages, 25 figures, RevTeX
Fast convergence of imaginary time evolution tensor network algorithms by recycling the environment
We propose an environment recycling scheme to speed up a class of tensor
network algorithms that produce an approximation to the ground state of a local
Hamiltonian by simulating an evolution in imaginary time. Specifically, we
consider the time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) algorithm applied to
infinite systems in 1D and 2D, where the ground state is encoded, respectively,
in a matrix product state (MPS) and in a projected entangled-pair state (PEPS).
An important ingredient of the TEBD algorithm (and a main computational
bottleneck, especially with PEPS in 2D) is the computation of the so-called
environment, which is used to determine how to optimally truncate the bond
indices of the tensor network so that their dimension is kept constant. In
current algorithms, the environment is computed at each step of the imaginary
time evolution, to account for the changes that the time evolution introduces
in the many-body state represented by the tensor network. Our key insight is
that close to convergence, most of the changes in the environment are due to a
change in the choice of gauge in the bond indices of the tensor network, and
not in the many-body state. Indeed, a consistent choice of gauge in the bond
indices confirms that the environment is essentially the same over many time
steps and can thus be re-used, leading to very substantial computational
savings. We demonstrate the resulting approach in 1D and 2D by computing the
ground state of the quantum Ising model in a transverse magnetic field.Comment: 17 pages, 28 figure
Optimal distillation of a GHZ state
We present the optimal local protocol to distill a
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state from a single copy of any pure state of
three qubits.Comment: RevTex, 4 pages, 2 figures. Published version, some references adde
Nonlocal Entanglement Transformations Achievable by Separable Operations
For manipulations of multipartite quantum systems, it was well known that all
local operations assisted by classical communication (LOCC) constitute a proper
subset of the class of separable operations. Recently, Gheorghiu and Griffiths
found that LOCC and general separable operations are equally powerful for
transformations between bipartite pure states. In this letter we extend this
comparison to mixed states and show that in general separable operations are
strictly stronger than LOCC when transforming a mixed state to a pure entangled
state. A remarkable consequence of our finding is the existence of entanglement
monotone which may increase under separable operations.Comment: v2 has rephrased Theorem 1 and corrected Kraus operators in Theorem
2. Additional comments are welcome
Dynamical windows for real-time evolution with matrix product states
We propose the use of a dynamical window to investigate the real-time
evolution of quantum many-body systems in a one-dimensional lattice. In a
recent paper [H. Phien et al, arxiv:????.????], we introduced infinite boundary
conditions (IBC) in order to investigate real-time evolution of an infinite
system under a local perturbation. This was accomplished by restricting the
update of the tensors in the matrix product state to a finite window, with left
and right boundaries held at fixed positions. Here we consider instead the use
of a dynamical window, namely a window where the positions of left and right
boundaries are allowed to change in time. In this way, all simulation efforts
can be devoted to the space-time region of interest, which leads to a
remarkable reduction in computational costs. For illustrative purposes, we
consider two applications in the context of the spin-1 antiferromagnetic
Heisenberg model in an infinite spin chain: one is an expanding window, with
boundaries that are adjusted to capture the expansion in time of a local
perturbation of the system; the other is a moving window of fixed size, where
the position of the window follows the front of a propagating wave
Three qubits can be entangled in two inequivalent ways
Invertible local transformations of a multipartite system are used to define
equivalence classes in the set of entangled states. This classification
concerns the entanglement properties of a single copy of the state.
Accordingly, we say that two states have the same kind of entanglement if both
of them can be obtained from the other by means of local operations and
classical communcication (LOCC) with nonzero probability. When applied to pure
states of a three-qubit system, this approach reveals the existence of two
inequivalent kinds of genuine tripartite entanglement, for which the GHZ state
and a W state appear as remarkable representatives. In particular, we show that
the W state retains maximally bipartite entanglement when any one of the three
qubits is traced out. We generalize our results both to the case of higher
dimensional subsystems and also to more than three subsystems, for all of which
we show that, typically, two randomly chosen pure states cannot be converted
into each other by means of LOCC, not even with a small probability of success.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure; replaced with revised version; terminology
adapted to earlier work; reference added; results unchange
Electrochemical and photo-electrochemical processes of Methylene blue oxidation by Ti/TiO2 electrodes modified with Fe-allophane
IndexaciĂłn: Scopus.This work reports the degradation of methylene blue (MB) on Ti/TiO2 and Ti/TiO2/Fe-allophane electrodes in a pH 3 using 0.1 M Na2SO4 as support electrolyte. SEM micrographs show a homogeneous distribution of TiO2 over the whole electrode surface forming nanotubes and nanopores. Fe-allophane modified electrode shows the formation of large-grains agglomerate on the electrode surface due to allophane, which provides a greater surface area to the electrode due to meso and micropore structures. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry show that Ti/TiO2 has the typical voltammetric response due to Ti(III)/Ti(IV) pair. Diffusional problems were observed through of the film when the electrode is modified with Fe-allophane modifying the quasi-reversible process Ti(III)/Ti(IV). Different kind of methodologies in the degradation process were used: Electrochemistry (EC), Photochemistry (PC), Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) and Adsorption (Ads). These methods were developing to discard any reaction or interaction that is not of interest. On Ti/TiO2 with PC and Ads methodologies was not observed any activity to MB degradation showing that is not photosensitive and that the interaction between this and surface electrode is low. But with EC and PEC degradation to 55% is reached after 3 hours of electrolysis. With Ti/TiO2-Fe-allophane electrodes are observed a higher activity for all methodologies. The PC and Ads methods show that the MB degradation reaches to âŒ20 % of the initial concentration. As mentioned above, the PC and Ads processes no show degradation on Ti/TiO2, therefore the degradation it only due to the adsorption of MB in/on allophane coat behaving as concentrator matrix. A lower improvement is observed with EC process when is incorporated Ti/TiO2-Fe-allophane is due to the barrier of the electrode surface by oxidation products. With PEC is reached the higher degradation value of âŒ88 %, showing an improvement of the degradation with the presence of Fe-allophane. The results indicate that the main role of Fe-allophane on the electrode is similar to a concentrator matrix.http://ref.scielo.org/shz7t
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