Geology of the Mesa de Barichara

The section studied here is the “Mesa of Barichara” and the southern  of the “Mesa de Los Santos” region in the State of Santander. Maps of these regions at 1:50.000 on presented, including the stratigraphy and the tectonics of whole section.Se presenta la cartografía a escala 1:50.000 de la Mesa de Barichara y la Región meridional de la Mesa de Los Santos en el Departamento de Santander. Acompaña al mapa una breve descripción de la estratigrafía y rasgos tectónicos de la región

Interferencia de direcciones en los pliegues cretácico-terciarios entre Coello y Gualanday

Se estudia un sector del Valle Superior del Magdalena comprendido entre Gualanday, Coello y Doima en el Departamento del Tolima. Su parte W está constituida por sedimentos continentales pertenecientes en su mayor parte al terciario aflorando las formaciones Guaduas y Gualanday, esta última ocupa la mayor parte de esta región; mientras que hacia el E, afloran los sedimentos cretácicos comprendidos entre el maastrichtiano y el coníaciano. La región se caracteriza por la variación que se presenta en la dirección de los ejes de los pliegues, que pasan de una dirección NNE.SSW, observable en los pliegues cretácicos y algunos terciarios, a una orientación N-S presente en los pliegues terciarios formados por el Gualanday superior. La primera de estas direcciones se generó al principio del desarrollo del plegamiento, mientras que la dirección N.S es posterior. Existe por tanto una oblicuidad entre los ejes de las estructuras formadas en primera instancia, y los de las estructuras más tardías. El proceso de desviación de los ejes de los pliegues, trae como consecuencia la presencia de discordancias progresivas y angulares, que se manifiestan localmente, así como también el enfrentamiento de algunas estructuras cretácicas anticlinales con estructuras terciarias sinclinales y la falta de continuidad en el trazado de otras. Es de señalar que aunque la dirección N.S se impone en ocasiones, en otros casos la dirección antigua se mantiene, aún en las estructuras formadas en las capas más modernas, de modo que existe una verdadera interferencia entre las dos direcciones.The present study describes a section of the Upper Magdalena Valley between Gualanday, Coello and Doima in the department of Tolima. Guaduas and Gualanday formations cover the Western part, while the Cretaceous, represented from Maestrichtian to Coniacian, outcrop towards the East. Interesting to note is the difference between the folding of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary, and the folds of the Upper Gualanday. While the fírst strike NNE-SSW, the latter have a N-S orientation. Direct consequence of this difference are local angular and progressive unconformities, and the opposition of some Cretaceous anticlinals with Tertiary synclinal structures, besides the lack of continuity in others. Although the N-S strike dominates in some cases, the older direction still is maintained in the folds of some younger strata, so there is a real interference between these two directions

Hearing Loss after Discontinuing Secondary Prophylaxis for Cryptococcal Meningitis: Relapse or Immune Reconstitution?

Relapse and immune reconstitution syndrome are difficult to distinguish in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). We report on a 26-year-old HIV-infected male (CDC C3) with hearing loss on the right side 2 months after discontinuing secondary prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis. CD4 cell counts had increased from 32/µl to stable counts > 200/µl for the preceding 6 months on ART but HIV replication was not fully suppressed (7,000 copies/ml). Magnetic resonance imaging identified lesions at the origin of the right cranial nerve VIII. Lumbar puncture revealed monocytic pleocytosis, slightly increased protein, but normal glucose and lactate levels, negative microbiological studies. Fluconazole was restarted and a new ART regimen was started in order to fully suppress HIV replication. Clinical and radiological signs were reversible during follow-up, and secondary prophylaxis was stopped after 6 months without adverse events. We review 26 published cases of cryptococcal infections with immune reconstitution syndrome and highlight the distinguishing feature

Sobre la Presencia de Fallas de edad Precretácica y Post- Girón (Jura-triásico) en el Flanco W del Macizo de Santander (Cordillera Oriental, Colombia)

Two faults in which it has been pointed out the existen ce of a movement previous to the Cretacic and posterior to the Girón (Jura-Triassic) were studied. One of them (Aratoca's Fault) has not had any movement after the Cretacic and it is unconformably covered by the Cretacic. The other one (Matanza's Fault ) again was in movement after the Cretacic, having moved in opposed direction to the irritial movement ; this fact is indicated by the sudden disappearance of the Giron E of such fault. These pre-cretacic fauIts have pararelism with the general post-cretacic faulting. Also Matanza's fauIt shows the existence of faults with double movement pre and post-cretacic, this together with the analysis of disposition of overthrust sides in the post-cretacic fauIts, demostrates that the double movement of the Matanza's fault is not an isolated fact buy probably makes up a general feature of the tectonic of this region. Therefore after the Girón or during its own deposition, took place a period of distention with formation of normal faults which can he related to the tilting affecting the Girón and with the formation of a depressed area between the Macizo of Santander and the Colombian Cordillera Central; the great part of these fauIts moved as thrust faults with posteriority to the Cretacic and they are tied to tbe stage of folding of the Cordillera OrientalSe estudian dos fallas en las que se ha puesto de manifiesto la existencia de un juego anterior al cretácico y posterior al Girón (jura-triásico) Una de ellas (Falla de Aratoca) no ha tenido ningún juego con posterioridad al cretáceo; la base del cretácico la cubre discordantemente. La otra (falla de Matanza) ha sido nuevamente puesta en movimiento; este hecho se pone de manifiesto por la desaparición brusca del Girón al E de dicha falla. Estas fallas pre-cretácicas guardan paralelismo con la dirección general de fracturación post-cretácica, Esto, unido al hecho de que la Falla de Matanza demuestra que han existido fallas con doble juego, pre y post-cretácico, y unido al análisis de la disposición de los labios hundidos, permite afirmar que el fenómeno del doble juego de la falla de Matanza no es un hecho aislado sino que probablemente constituye un rasgo general de la tectónica de esta región. Así pues con posterioridad al Girón, o durante el depósito del mismo, tuvo lugar una etapa de distensión que se puede relacionar con las basculaciones que afectan al Girón y con la formación de una área deprimida entre el anticlinal de fondo del Macizo de Santander y la Cordillera Central Colombiana; estas fallas en gran parte jugaron como fallas inversas con posterioridad al cretácico y en relación con la etapa de plegamiento de la Cordillera Oriental

Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial parameters of essential oils and hydrosols of colombian Thyme and Rosemary obtained using two different steam distillation methods

Two procedures of steam distillation of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris were compared by phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis of their respective essential oils and hydrosols using respectively GCFID and GCMS analysis, free radical scavenging activity on ABTS and dilution and diffusion method against 3 bacteria and 2 fungi. Differences in bioactivity results are discussed taking into account changes in molecular content of essential oils and hydrosols obtained by the two different distillation methods. Although no significant difference was observed between the two procedures with Rosmarinus officinalis, that was not the case with Thymus vulgaris. Significant differences were noted, not only in their respective chemical composition especially with the thymol and p-cymene percentage with respectively a change from 39% with conventional steam distillation to 27% with adapted steam distillation for thymol and from 28% with the first distillation to 37% with the second one for p-cymene. These phytochemical composition changes have an impact on their biological activities results and consequently on the therapeutic activities expected which shows the importance of distillation method selection

Who Are the Workers Who Never Joined a Union? : Empirical Evidence from Western and Eastern Germany

"Using representative data from the German social survey ALLBUS 2002 and the European Social Survey 2002/03, this paper provides the first empirical analysis of trade union ‘never-membership’ in Germany. We show that between 54 and 59 percent of all employees in Germany have never been members of a trade union. In western Germany, individuals’ probability of ‘never-membership’ is significantly affected by their personal characteristics, their political orientation and (to a lesser degree) their family background. In addition, the presence of a union at the workplace plays a significant role. While the latter factor is also important in eastern Germany, many of the variables which are relevant for ‘never-membership’ in the west prove to be irrelevant in the east. This difference probably reflects the fact that most employees in eastern Germany did not really have a choice not to become union members during the communist regime." (author's abstract)"Mit Daten des ALLBUS 2002 und des European Social Survey 2002/03 analysiert diese Arbeit erstmalig die ‚Nie-Mitgliedschaft’ in deutschen Gewerkschaften. Wir zeigen, dass 54 bis 59 Prozent aller Beschäftigten in Deutschland niemals Mitglied einer Gewerkschaft waren. Die individuelle Wahrscheinlichkeit einer ‚Nie-Mitgliedschaft’ hängt in Westdeutschland signifikant mit persönlichen Merkmalen, der politischen Ausrichtung und (in geringerem Maße) dem familiären Hintergrund zusammen. Darüber hinaus spielt das Vorhandensein einer Gewerkschaft am Arbeitsplatz eine signifikante Rolle. Während letzteres auch in Ostdeutschland von Bedeutung ist, erweisen sich viele der im Westen relevanten Erklärungsvariablen im Osten als irrelevant. Dieser Unterschied spiegelt wahrscheinlich wider, dass die meisten Arbeitnehmer in Ostdeutschland während des SED-Regimes kaum die Wahl hatten, auf eine Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft zu verzichten." (Autorenreferat

The expression of RUNX3 in colorectal cancer is associated with disease stage and patient outcome

RUNX3 is believed to have tumour suppressor properties in several cancer types. Inactivation of RUNX3 has been shown to occur by methylation-induced transcriptional silencing and by mislocalization of the protein to the cytoplasm. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical significance of RUNX3 expression in a large series of colorectal cancers using immunohistochemistry and tissue arrays. With advancing tumour stage, expression of RUNX3 in the nucleus decreased, whereas expression restricted to the cytoplasmic compartment increased. Nuclear RUNX3 expression was associated with significantly better patient survival compared to tumours in which the expression of RUNX3 was restricted to the cytoplasm (P=0.025). These results support a role for RUNX3 as a tumour suppressor in colorectal cancer