Electronic Instrumentation

Contains research objectives and reports on four research projects.Electronic Instrumentation Group of the Research Laboratory of Electronics in research under NIH Grant 1 505 FR07047-01National Institutes of Health (Grant 1 505 FR07047-01

Chiral crossover in QCD at zero and non-zero chemical potentials

We present results for pseudo-critical temperatures of QCD chiral crossovers at zero and non-zero values of baryon ($B$), strangeness ($S$), electric charge ($Q$), and isospin ($I$) chemical potentials $\mu_{X=B,Q,S,I}$. The results were obtained using lattice QCD calculations carried out with two degenerate up and down dynamical quarks and a dynamical strange quark, with quark masses corresponding to physical values of pion and kaon masses in the continuum limit. By parameterizing pseudo-critical temperatures as $T_c(\mu_X) = T_c(0) \left[ 1 -\kappa_2^{X}(\mu_{X}/T_c(0))^2 -\kappa_4^{X}(\mu_{X}/T_c(0))^4 \right]$, we determined $\kappa_2^X$ and $\kappa_4^X$ from Taylor expansions of chiral observables in $\mu_X$. We obtained a precise result for $T_c(0)=(156.5\pm1.5)\;\mathrm{MeV}$. For analogous thermal conditions at the chemical freeze-out of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, i.e., $\mu_{S}(T,\mu_{B})$ and $\mu_{Q}(T,\mu_{B})$ fixed from strangeness-neutrality and isospin-imbalance, we found $\kappa_2^B=0.012(4)$ and $\kappa_4^B=0.000(4)$. For $\mu_{B}\lesssim300\;\mathrm{MeV}$, the chemical freeze-out takes place in the vicinity of the QCD phase boundary, which coincides with the lines of constant energy density of $0.42(6)\;\mathrm{GeV/fm}^3$ and constant entropy density of $3.7(5)\;\mathrm{fm}^{-3}$

Mixed couples in France. Statistical facts, definitions, and social reality

Mixed couples are usually defined as combining national, cultural, racial or religious dif­ferences, but these definitions are generally elaborated only empirically. More recently, researchers have proposed the concept of "mixedness" which goes beyond those descriptive factors of difference. The French national Migration, Tradition and Citizenship Act also helps to show why it is not easy to reach a single definition.A detailed look at statistical realities illustrates how complex it is to count mixed cou­ples. The figures differ if we consider mixed marriages as flows (new marriages each year) or as stock (how many people live in a mixed family). They also vary depending on what differences —cultural belonging or nationality— are taken into account. Many French-foreign marriages bring together people who have the same cultural identities. From the sociological point of view, mixed marriage should be defined as combining perceived differences and existing social order and norms. Studies on mixedness look at how socially constructed differences in contact, e.g. in private life, influence social relations and modify social realities. Mixed couples experience specific social constraints due to the migration situation of at least one of the partners, and therefore these couples need time to learn to manage the cultural and social differences in their relationship. Differences between the partners due to their cultural and social affiliations or gender roles are not equal and also influence the transcultural hybridisation process, sometimes even hindering it considerably.Una pareja mixta se define generalmente como la combinación de las diferencias nacio­nales, culturales, raciales o religiosas. Pero estas definiciones generalmente se elaboran sólo empíricamente. Más recientemente, los investigadores han propuesto el concepto de «mestizaje», que va más allá de los factores descriptivos de la diferencia. La tradición de migración nacional francesa y la Ley de ciudadanía también ayudan a entender por qué no es fácil llegar a una definición única. Una mirada pormenorizada a la realidad estadística ilustra lo complejo que es contar el número de parejas mixtas. Las cifras difieren si se considera el matrimonio mixto como un flujo (los matrimonios nuevos cada año) o como población (número de personas que viven en una familia mixta). También varían en función de qué diferencias se tienen en cuenta —la pertenencia cultural o la nacionalidad. Muchos matrimonios entre franceses y extranjeros unen a personas que tienen la misma identidad cultural. Desde el punto de vista sociológico, el matrimonio mixto debería definirse como la combinación de las diferencias percibidas y el orden social existente y las normas. Los estu­dios sobre el mestizaje tratan de cómo las diferencias sociales en contacto -por ejemplo en la vida privada- influyen en las relaciones sociales y modifican la realidad social. Las parejas mixtas están involucradas en determinadas limitaciones sociales debido a la situación de migrante de por lo menos uno de los cónyuges. Por lo tanto, estas parejas necesitan tiempo para aprender a gestionar las diferencias culturales y sociales en su relación. Las diferencias entre los cónyuges, debidas a sus filiaciones sociales y culturales y a los roles de género, no están en pie de igualdad y también influyen en el proceso de hibridación transcultural, a veces incluso obstaculizándolo considerablemente

Identification of Novel Genes Selectively Expressed in the Follicle-Associated Epithelium from the Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomics Data from Multiple Mouse Cell and Tissue Populations

The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) overlying the Peyer’s patches and the microfold cells (M cells) within it are important sites of antigen transcytosis across the intestinal epithelium. Using a meta-analysis approach, we identified a transcriptional signature that distinguished the FAE from a large collection of mouse cells and tissues. A co-expressed cluster of 21 FAE-specific genes was identified, and the analysis of the transcription factor binding site motifs in their promoter regions indicated that these genes shared an underlying transcriptional programme. This cluster contained known FAE- (Anxa10, Ccl20, Psg18 and Ubd) and M-cell-specific (Gp2) genes, suggesting that the others were novel FAE-specific genes. Some of these novel candidate genes were expressed highly by the FAE and M cells (Calcb, Ces3b, Clca2 and Gjb2), and others only by the FAE (Ascl2, Cftr, Fgf15, Gpr133, Kcna1, Kcnj15,Mycl1, Pgap1 and Rps6kl). We also identified a subset of novel FAE-related genes that were induced in the intestinal epithelium after receptor activatorof nuclear factor (NF)-kB ligand stimulation. These includedMfge8whichwas specific to FAE enter-ocytes. This studyprovides new insight into the FAE transcriptome. Furthercharacterizationof the candidate genes identified here will aid the identification of novel regulators of cell function in the FAE