Contran, N.

Günthardt-Goerg, M.

Steinbrecher, R.

Utrata, E.

English

KITopen

1 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Feedback of Climate Change to Biological Isoprenoid Emission Potential Rainer Steinbrecher1, Nicla Contran2, Ewelina Utrata1,Madeleine Günthardt-Goerg31Karlsruhe Institute of Technology IMK-IFU Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany2University of Milan-BicoccaMilan Italy3Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland2 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Introduction- Basics on environmental factorscontrolling biogenic emission. - Projected biogenic emissions andclimate.Results- Feedback of elevated temperature andsoil drought on isoprene emissionpotential of European oak trees.Conclusions- Climate change and isoprene emissionpotential.Outline3 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Environment and Biogenic VOC Emissiontime of day / CEST6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22flux rate / nmol m-2 s-10,002,004,006,00α-pineneβ-pinene/sabinenemyrcenelimonenecampheneQuercus cocciferaMonterpenes(Steinbrecher und Hauff, 1996)4 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Environment and Biogenic VOC EmissionE [mmol m-2s-1 ]g H2O [mmol m-2s-1 ]A [µmol m-2s-1 ]T lf [°C]PAR [µE]Δ-W [mmol mol-1]010203040506070TIME [CEST]0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00-10123405001000150020002500TIME [CEST]0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:0051015202530354045500.0.2.4.6.81.01.21.4101520253035(Steinbrecher und Hauff, 1996)time of day / CEST6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22flux rate / nmol m-2 s-10,002,004,006,00α-pineneβ-pinene/sabinenemyrcenelimonenecampheneQuercus cocciferaMonterpenes5 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Environment and Biogenic VOC EmissionNiinemets, Ü., Loreto, F., Reichstein, M., Physiological and physicochemical controls on foliar volatile organic compound emissions. Trends in Plant Science,9, 180-186,2004C HmFrom Synthesis to Emission6 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Environment and Biogenic VOC EmissionProcesses:• Synthesis and storage inspecific leaf compartments• Solution/storage inmembranes • Diffusion from membranesinto the leaf intra-cellular airspace• Diffusion/co-transport throughthe stomata into the environmentCnHmFrom Synthesis to Emission7 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Environment and Biogenic VOC Emission(Niinemets, et al., 2004)8 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009TLSM-Image: Schnitzler, IFU; Fischbach, IFU;Hutzler, GSF-Inst. PathologyCC Central cylinderEP EpidermisHD HypodermisMP MesophyllRD Resin VesselST StomataRD MPCCEPHDST250 µmSTE (RCi, T, PAR) = E (RCi, T)Pool + E (RCi, T, PAR)SynthesisEfRCi=  emission factor of compound emitted from de novo synthesis in pmol m-2 total leaf area s-1 at 30°C leaf temperature CL  =  correction term for light [a]CT =  correction term for temperature [a]EFRCi=  emission factor in pmol m-2 total leaf area s-1 at 30°C leaf temperature and 1000 µE PARE(RCi, T, PAR) = EfRCi x CL x CTEfRCi =   emission factor of compound emitted from pools in pmol m-2 total leaf area s-1 at 30°C leaf temperatureß = 0.09°C-1[a]Ts = 30°CT = Tleaf [°C]E(RCi, T) = EfRCi x  e (ß (T - Ts))(a Guenther 1997, Steinbrecher et al, 1999)Reactive Compound Emission Modelling Pragmatic approach:9 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009(a Gue ther 1997, Stei brech et al, 1999)Reactive Compound Emission Modelling Meteorological FieldsEmission ModelEmission InventoryClimate Change???10 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009 Kellomäki S., Rouvinen P., Peltola H., Strandman H., Steinbrecher R. (2001): Impact of global warming on the tree species composition of boreal forests in Finland and effects on emission of isoprenoids. Global Change Biology 7, 531-544. projected biogenic emissions and climateBiogenic Isoprenoid Emission in Finland 11 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Biogenic Isoprenoid Emission in Finland  Kellomäki S., Rouvinen P., Peltola H., Strandman H., Steinbrecher R. (2001): Impact of global warming on the tree species composition of boreal forests in Finland and effects on emission of isoprenoids. Global Change Biology 7, 531-544. projected biogenic emissions and climate How may those changes impactatmospheric chemisty?12 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Projected Emissions and SOA FormationKiendler-Scharr, A., Wildt, J., Dal Maso, M., Hohaus, T., Kleist, E., Mentel, T.F., Tillmann, R., Uerlings, R., Schurr, U., Wahner, A., 2009. New particle formation in forest inhibited by isoprene emissions. Nature, 461, 381-384.-20%13 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Projected Emissions and SOA FormationKiendler-Scharr, A., Wildt, J., Dal Maso, M., Hohaus, T., Kleist, E., Mentel, T.F., Tillmann, R., Uerlings, R., Schurr, U., Wahner, A., 2009. New particle formation in forest inhibited by isoprene emissions. Nature, 461, 381-384.-20%What are the major constraints of that message?- The real atmosphere is much morecomplex and includes e.g. alsoNOx/SOx chemistry.- Uncertainties in BVOC emissionestimates, e.g. plant emissionpotential or emission factors mayadapt to climate change factors.14 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009TLSM-Image: Schnitzler, IFU; Fischbach, IFU;Hutzler, GSF-Inst. PathologyCC Central cylinderEP EpidermisHD HypodermisMP MesophyllRD Resin VesselST StomataRD MPCCEPHDST250 µmSTE (RCi, T, PAR) = E (RCi, T)Pool + E (RCi, T, PAR)SynthesisEfRCi=  emission factor of compound emitted from de novo synthesis in pmol m-2 total leaf area s-1 at 30°C leaf temperature CL  =  correction term for light [a]CT =  correction term for temperature [a]EFRCi=  emission factor in pmol m-2 total leaf area s-1 at 30°C leaf temperature and 1000 µE PARE(RCi, T, PAR) = EfRCi x CL x CTEfRCi =   emission factor of compound emitted from pools in pmol m-2 total leaf area s-1 at 30°C leaf temperatureß = 0.09°C-1[a]Ts = 30°CT = Tleaf [°C]E(RCi, T) = EfRCi x  e (ß (T - Ts))(a Guenther 1997, Steinbrecher et al, 1999)Reactive Compound Emission Modelling Recall: What are emission factors?15 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Sharkey, T.D., Wiberley, A.E., Donohue, A.R., 2008. Isoprene Emission from Plants: Why and How. Ann. Bot. 101, 5-18.Emission Potential and Adaption16 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Emission Potential and Adaption(Sharkey et al.,  2008)- Plants are able to adapt to environmental conditions. - This may impact the emission potential for BVOC under extreme environmental conditions.  But:- Are these effects still obvious if conducting experiments with projected changes in temperature and precipitation?17 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009European Oak trees and Climate Change„Querco“ Model Ecosystem StudyObjective:To elucidate the adaption potential of three major European deciduous oak tree species to projected elevated temperature and extended soil drought periods.- 4 Treatments- Control, elevated temperature, soildrought, combination- 4 replicates, Latin Square18 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Measurements:All treatmentsAcidic soilQuercus petraea(Sessile Oak), provenance Corcelles-P. ConciseQ. robur (English Oak), provenances Bonfol and TagerwilenQ. pubescens(Downy Oak), provenances Arrezoand LeukEuropean Oak trees and Climate Change19 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Methods: Gas ExchangecacigsIsoprenoidsIsoprenoids?Isoprene, CO2, Water vaporStandardised conditions:28 °C leaf temperature; 1500 µE PAR; rel. Hum. 45%; CO2 380 ppmFast Isoprene Sensor FISCheckingLI6400 Gas Exchange System20 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Methods: Leaf Surface TemperaturesThermography withInfratec VarioCAMInfrared Thermography21 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Chamber 1.2: ControlResults: Leaf Surface Temperatures:August 06, 2008; 15:00 CESTMedian:25°C22 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Chamber 4.1: CombinationResults: Leaf Surface Temperatures August 06, 2008; 15:35 CESTMedian:31°C23 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Results: TemperaturesLeaf surface temperatures and it variability on August 6, 2008, 15:00 to 15:35 CEST (mean + 1σ; n = (80 sun leaves + 80 shadow leaves)Air temperatures in the warming treatments are increased by 1 °C on a daytime averageCO AW DS AWDS10152025daytimeMean air temperaturedaytime 6-18h and nighttime 18 - 6h o CTreatments 23.05. - 13.07.2007 daytime 23.05. - 13.07.2007 nighttime 14.07. - 23.08.2007 daytime 14.07. - 23.08.2007 nighttime 24.08. - 15.10.2007 daytime 24.08. - 15.10.2007 nighttimenighttime24 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Results: Isoprene Emission and Photosynthesisn = 2025 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009ConclusionsStandardised isoprene emission of deciduous oak trees – the major isoprene emitter type in natural forests of Europe - is not statistically significant (P=0.05) impacted by elevated temperature, soil drought or by both parameters combined.Consequences for BVOC emission modelling: If the year 2009 experiments confirm the presented results, the model ecosystem study Querco indicates that at least for European deciduous oak trees a specific adaptation of isoprene emission factors / emission potential in response to projected elevated temperature and soil drought is not needed.Therefore, it may be hypothesised that current up-to date emission factors are also valid for projections of BVOC emission in climate change scenarios.26 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009ConclusionsBUT:Uncertainties in BVOC inventories may be as large as the estimated emission itself! (Steinbrecher et al., 2009)Emission factors for many compounds emitted are stillunknown.Some emission controlling processes are still unknown.Estimates of emission active surfaces (e.g. leaves, bark,dead/damaged wood) are still insufficient accurate.Projections of land use change and forest managementpractices are still inconsistent.27 | Rainer Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 06.10.2009KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Multiphase Reactivity of Atmospheric VOC and its Impact on Climate Health and Materials, Paris, October 6 – 7, 2009Thank You for Your Attention!the Querco TEAM for their support during the field experimentsand 

Feedback of climate change to biological isoprenoid emission potential

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Feedback of climate change to biological isoprenoid emission potential

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