Short communication: Population structure of green tiger prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus (De Haan) in Bushehr waters, Persian Gulf

Information on the population genetics of shrimp species in the Persian Gulf is scarce. There are few electrophoretic based study therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate genetic variation among population of the green tiger prawn, P. semisulcatus, in Bushehr waters, Persian Gulf. This is the first study on this species by RAPDs in this area. The input of research in the field of genetics has resulted in new technological advances that have improved the economic gains of shrimp production. A total of 50 P. semisulcatus were collected by R/V Lavar II from two major shrimp localities, Halaileh and Daylam, in August and September 2004. Genomic DNA was extracted from muscles using the modified mini preparation method. A set of 9 primers (Diotech MWG) were used to detect polymorphism among populations. The software package RAPDistance version 1.04 was used to analyse the data

AI in Education: Improving Quality for Both Centralized and Decentralized Frameworks

Education is essential for achieving many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Therefore, the education system focuses on empowering more educated people and improving the quality of the education system. One of the latest technologies to enhance the quality of education is Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Machine Learning (ML). As a result, ML has a significant influence on the education system. ML is currently widely applied in the education system for various tasks, such as creating models by monitoring student performance and activities that accurately predict student outcomes, their engagement in learning activities, decision-making, problem-solving capabilities, etc. In this research, we provide a survey of machine learning frameworks for both distributed (clusters of schools and universities) and centralized (university or school) educational institutions to predict the quality of students\u27 learning outcomes and find solutions to improve the quality of their education system. Additionally, this work explores the application of ML in teaching and learning for further improvements in the learning environment for centralized and distributed education systems

Evolution of E2 transition strength in deformed hafnium isotopes from new measurements on 172^{172}Hf, 174^{174}Hf, and 176^{176}Hf

The available data for E2 transition strengths in the region between neutron-deficient Hf and Pt isotopes are far from complete. More and precise data are needed to enhance the picture of structure evolution in this region and to test state-of-the-art nuclear models. In a simple model, the maximum collectivity is expected at the middle of the major shell. However, for actual nuclei, this picture may no longer be the case, and one should use a more realistic nuclear-structure model. We address this point by studying the spectroscopy of Hf. We remeasure the 2^+_1 half-lives of 172,174,176Hf, for which there is some disagreement in the literature. The main goal is to measure, for the first time, the half-lives of higher-lying states of the rotational band. The new results are compared to a theoretical calculation for absolute transition strengths. The half-lives were measured using \gamma-\gamma and conversion-electron-\gamma delayed coincidences with the fast timing method. For the determination of half-lives in the picosecond region, the generalized centroid difference method was applied. For the theoretical calculation of the spectroscopic properties, the interacting boson model is employed, whose Hamiltonian is determined based on microscopic energy-density functional calculations. The measured 2^+_1 half-lives disagree with results from earlier \gamma-\gamma fast timing measurements, but are in agreement with data from Coulomb excitation experiments and other methods. Half-lives of the 4^+_1 and 6^+_1 states were measured, as well as a lower limit for the 8^+_1 states. We show the importance of the mass-dependence of effective boson charge in the description of E2 transition rates in chains of nuclei. It encourages further studies of the microscopic origin of this mass dependence. New data on transition rates in nuclei from neighboring isotopic chains could support these studies.Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures, 7 tables; Abstract shortened due to character limi

EFFECT OF DEFERENT GESTATION PERIOD ON SERUM ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN AWASSI EWES

This study was designed to investigate the influence of different gestation periods on serum estrogen, progesterone and biochemical attributes levels in Awassi ewes. Ten ewes of 2-5 years old and 35-50 kg live body weight were used currently during the period from September 2019 to February 2020. Estrogen concentration seemed to decline since 2nd month and reached its lesser level at 4th month and re-increased at 5th month of gestation. The progesterone level increased (P≤0.05) at 2nd and 3rd months and decreased at 5th month of gestation. Serum  Cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin and glubulin were decreased (P≤0.05) at the last gestation period. AST, ALT, and ALP activities take similar trend being decreased at the last gestation period. In conclusion estrogen, progesterone and other blood biochemical parameters were changed obviously during different gestation periods of Awassi ewes

Effects of limonene on ruminal fusobacterium necrophorum concentrations, fermentation, and lysine degradation in cattle

Citation: Samii, S. S., Wallace, N., Nagaraja, T. G., Engstrom, M. A., Miesner, M. D., Armendariz, C. K., & Titgemeyer, E. C. (2016). Effects of limonene on ruminal fusobacterium necrophorum concentrations, fermentation, and lysine degradation in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 94(8), 3420-3430. doi:10.2527/jas2016-0455Previous in vitro data showed that Fusobacterium necrophorum was inhibited by limonene. We further evaluated effects of limonene on growth of F. necrophorum in vitro as well as on ruminal concentrations of F. necrophorum in vivo. With in vitro cultivation in anaerobic brain-heart infusion broth, limonene decreased growth of F. necrophorum. Thymol also reduced growth of F. necrophorum, but it was less effective than limonene. Tylosin effectively reduced growth of F. necrophorum in vitro. Although the response over fermentation times and concentrations of antimicrobials differed somewhat between tylosin and limonene, the 2 antimicrobial agents yielded similar inhibitory effects on growth of F. necrophorum at concentrations ranging from 6 to 24 mg/L. The effects of limonene on ruminal F. necrophorum concentration in vivo were tested in 7 ruminally cannulated heifers (225 kg initial BW) used in a 7 × 4 Youden square design. Treatments included: 1) control, 2) limonene at 10 mg/kg diet DM, 3) limonene at 20 mg/kg diet DM, 4) limonene at 40 mg/kg diet DM, 5) limonene at 80 mg/kg diet DM, 6) CRINA-L (a blend of essential oil components) at 180 mg/kg diet DM, and 7) tylosin at 12 mg/kg diet DM. Each period included 11 d with 10 d washouts between periods. Samples of ruminal contents were collected before treatment initiation and after 4, 7, and 10 d of treatment for measuring F. necrophorum by the most probable number method using selective culture medium. Limonene linearly decreased (P = 0.03) ruminal F. necrophorum concentration, with the lowest concentration achieved with 40 mg of limonene/kg dietary DM. Limonene tended (P ? 0.07) to linearly reduce ruminal molar proportions of propionate and valerate while tending to linearly increase (P ? 0.10) those of butyrate and 2-methyl butyrate. Limonene did not affect ruminal NH3 concentrations or degradation rates of lysine. Neither CRINA-L (P = 0.52) nor tylosin (P = 0.19) affected ruminal F. necrophorum concentrations. CRINA-L significantly decreased ruminal concentrations of NH3 and molar proportions of 3-methyl butyrate, whereas tylosin significantly decreased molar proportions of propionate while increasing those of butyrate and tending to increase those of acetate. Limonene supplementation reduced ruminal concentrations of F. necrophorum suggesting that it may have the potential to reduce the prevalence of liver abscesses, although further research is needed to assess the effect of limonene in feedlot cattle. © 2016 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved

Growth parameters and maximum age of prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus (De Haan) in Bushehr waters, Persian Gulf

Carapace length frequency data of green tiger prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus, were monthly collected from 50 stations along the coastal waters of Bushehr, Persian Gulf, during January 2003 to March 2004. FiSAT program was used to analyse a total of 535 shrimps including 292 females and 243 males, for the relationships of total length, weight and carapace length. The L∞ and K for males were estimated at 38mm CL and 1.6 year-1 and for the females were 50.40mm CL and 2.20 year-1, respectively. Maximum age (Tmax) was 20 months for the males and 15 months for the females. The growth of the shrimp was found to be rapid during summer and autumn and negligible during winter and spring

Performance Enhancement of Chaotic Error Correction Coding Using Consecutive Sequences, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2023, nr 2

The use of chaotic dynamics for error correction is the subject of extensive research, as the approach allows to avoid the use of redundant data. This work proposes a new technique for non-coherent chaos communications for modifying error-correction depending on chaotic dynamics. In the proposed system, there are two consecutive sequences created from a comparable chaotic map, with the second series being created as the latest value of the initial one. Generation of a sequential chaotic sequence with a comparable chaotic dynamic delivers additional information to the receiver, allowing it to appropriately recover information and, hence, facilitate the receiver’s bit-error performance. For error correction and for detecting the symbol that is transmitted, a suboptimal technique based on the nearest distance between chaotic map trajectories over the n-dimensional sequence received is utilized. Simulation results show that the proposed error correction approach improves Eb/N0 as the dimension of the trajectory map increases, indicating that the method improves overall error correction performance. With the dimension of 4, a gain of 0.8 dB in Eb/N0 is achieved compared with an approach without any error-correcting schemes, at the bit-error probability of 10−3

Antibacterial efficacy of lytic bacteriophages against antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella species

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a leading and highly prevalent problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. Bacteriophages (phages) appear to be effective and safe alternatives for the treatment of resistant infections because of their specificity for bacterial species and lack of infectivity in eukaryotic cells. The present study aimed to isolate bacteriophages against Klebsiella spp. and evaluate their efficacy against antibiotic-resistant species. Seventy-two antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. were isolated from samples of patients who referred to the Ghaem Hospital (Mashhad, Iran). Lytic bacteriophages against Klebsiella spp. were isolated from wastewater of the septic tank of the same hospital. Bactericidal activity of phages against resistant Klebsiella spp. was tested in both liquid (tube method; after 1 and 24 h of incubation) and solid (double-layer agar plate method; after 24 h of incubation) phases. In each method, three different concentrations of bacteriophages (low: <10 4 PFU/mL, medium: 10 4 -10 7 PFU/mL, and high: >10 7 PFU/mL) were used. Bacteriophages showed promising bactericidal activity at all assessed concentrations, regardless of the test method and duration of incubation. Overall, bactericidal effects were augmented at higher concentrations. In the tube method, higher activity was observed after 24 h of incubation compared to the 1-h incubation. The bactericidal effects were also higher in the tube method compared to the double-layer agar plate method after 24 h of incubation. The findings of the present study suggest that bacteriophages possess effective bactericidal activity against resistant Klebsiella spp. These bactericidal activities are influenced by phage concentration, duration of incubation, and test method. KEYWORDS: bacteriophage, Klebsiella, antibiotic resistance Karamoddini et al.: Bacteriophages Against Resistant Klebsiella Species TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 1332-1340 1333 INTRODUCTION Bacteriophages (also called phages) are reported to be the most abundant organisms on earth Based on the replication type, phages are classified as either lytic or lysogenic. A lytic phage replicates in the bacterial host and destroys its host in a process, but a lysogenic phage inserts itself into the genome of its bacterial host and establishes a stable position in the infected bacterium After discovery, phages were the target of multiple research for the treatment of bacterial diseases, such as dysentery In spite of the great progress that has been made in the field of antimicrobial therapy, the appearance and spread of drug-resistant bacteria has caused a serious challenge in recent decades. As an example, the prevalence of resistant nosocomial infections is increasing at an alarming rate and their elimination is very difficult. This could be secondary to the wide use of antibiotics, as well as application of therapeutic measures that weaken the immune system and make subjects more susceptible to nosocomial infections. Phage therapy could be an effective alternative approach for the control of these infections, as several studies have shown their efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria The purpose of the present study was to isolate and enrich lytic bacteriophages against Klebsiella spp. and evaluate their antibacterial efficacy against antibiotic-resistant species. The impact of phage concentration, incubation duration, and method of culture (tube vs. plate) on the bactericidal effect was also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation of Klebsiella spp. Different samples, mainly from urine, vaginal smears, blood, wounds and their secretions, and burn lesions, were collected from patients referring to the Ghaem Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) during a course of about 1.5 years between November 2001 and March 2003. Samples were cultured on general (simple blood agar; supporting the growth of most microorganisms) as well as specific (MacConkey agar, desoxycholate agar, or eosin methylene blue agar; supporting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria) culture media. Culture media plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. To confirm the isolation of Klebsiella spp., Gram staining and multiple biochemical tests were performed, including glucose and lactose fermentation (Kligler iron agar medium), citrate utilization (Simmons citrate agar medium), urea (urea agar medium), hydrogen sulfide production, indole formation and motility (sulfide-indole-motility [SIM] agar medium; Kligler iron agar medium), and malonate utilization (malonate agar medium) tests. Determination of Klebsiella spp. Sensitivity to Antibiotics Mueller-Hinton agar medium was used to culture the appropriate bacteria. Colonies were first suspended in 5 mL of tripticase soy broth and kept at 37°C for several hours until the turbidity of the suspension changed, similar to that of barium sulfate solution in the 0.5 McFarland standard tube (the standard tube was shaken vigorously before usage). A sterile swab was stirred in the above suspension and the sample was cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. Antibiotic disks were placed at a 15-mm distance from the Karamoddini et al.: Bacteriophages Against Resistant Klebsiella Species TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 1332-1340 1334 edge of the plate. Different disks were 24 mm from the center of each nearest disk. Following a 24-h incubation at 37°C, the growth inhibition zone was measured and compared with tables provided by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The results of sensitivity were reported as sensitive, resistant, or intermediate. Antibiotics that were evaluated included ampicillin, amoxicillin, amikacin, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin (for urine samples), gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid (for urine samples), rifampin, streptomycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, tobramycin, and sulfamethoxazole. Smooth agar containing glycerin was used to keep resistant Klebsiella colonies at -20°C as follows: four to five colonies were transferred to 20 mL of triple soy broth. After 4 h of incubation at 37°C, the tube containing tryptone soy broth was centrifuged at 2500 rpm. Then, 0.5 mL of the above-cultured bacteria was transferred to a Pyrex® test tube containing 3 mL of 3% Mueller-Hinton. Test tubes were incubated at 37°C for 4-6 h in order to accelerate bacterial growth. Following that, 0.5 mL of sterile glycerin was added to test tubes and tubes were transferred to -20°C. Isolation, Enrichment, Titration, and Bacteriophages Bacteriophages utilized in this study were isolated from wastewater of the septic tank in Ghaem Hospital that had been filter sterilized. To the aforementioned wastewater (45 mL), concentrated nutrient broth medium (5 mL) and 4-h antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella culture (5 mL) were added. Also added was 1% (v/w) MgSo 4 to provide optimum attachment of bacteriophage to bacteria. The mixture was then gently shaken and kept at 37°C for 24 h. Afterwards, chloroform was added (3 mL) and the mixture was shaken for 15 min. After being kept at room temperature for 2 h, the mixture was centrifuged (30 min, 3500 rpm) and the supernatant carefully isolated. For phage enrichment, the obtained supernatant was mixed with nutrient broth (10 mL) and 4-h Klebsiella culture (2 mL). The mixture was then processed as described above. Phage suspension was maintained in the nutrient broth at 4°C in a dark place using sterile and sealed glass containers. For the titration of phages, enriched samples were diluted by 10X in tubes containing 9 mL of tryptone broth. Then, 100 µL of each diluted sample was transferred to tubes containing 3 mL of soft agar. Afterwards, 4-h Klebsiella culture (1 mL) was added to each tube. Tubes were then shaken and their contents rapidly transferred to plates containing tryptone agar medium. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Plates containing 30-300 plaques were used to calculate the number of phages in the primary solution using the following formula: Number of phages = Number of plaques × dilution titer × volume of media Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity The antibacterial effects of phages against antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. were tested by the tube method and the double-layer agar plate method at two time points: after 1 h (for the tube method) and 24 h (for both tube and plate methods) of incubation at 37°C. In each method, three different concentrations of phages were tested: low (<10 4 PFU/mL), medium (10 4 -10 7 PFU/mL), and high (>10 7 PFU/ mL). According to the intensity of growth inhibition, the results were reported as +++ (75-100% reduction of bacteria compared to control), ++ (50-75% reduction of bacteria compared to control), + (25-50% reduction of bacteria compared to control), and -(<25% reduction of bacteria compared to control). Statistical Analysis All comparisons were performed using Fisher's exact test. A two-sided p value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Karamoddini et al.: Bacteriophages Against Resistant Klebsiella Species TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 1332-1340 1335 RESULTS Out of the total samples that were collected during the course of the study (a period of approximately 1.5 years), 72 antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. were isolated. Most of these species were isolated from urine, wounds, and burn lesion samples Karamoddini et al.: Bacteriophages Against Resistant Klebsiella Species TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 1332-1340 1336 In the tube method, different concentrations (low, medium, and high) of phages were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against the growth of isolated, resistant Klebsiella spp. after 1 and 24 h of incubation at 37°C. The results indicated that in both time points, all three assessed concentrations had antibacterial effects without even one strain being unaffected by phage treatment. There was a marked increase in the antibacterial effects after 24 h compared to 1 h of incubation, and this was observed for all three assessed phage concentrations. There was also a positive association between phage concentration and observed antibacterial effects at both assessed time points. This effect of concentration was found to be of high statistical significance when comparing the antibacterial effects of low concentration to those of medium (p < 0.001) and high (p < 0.001) concentrations. However, while there was a significant concentration effect at the 1-h incubation time point between medium and high phage concentrations (p < 0.001), no significant difference was observed after 24 h of incubation (p > 0.05) ( DISCUSSION The most obvious result to emerge from the present study was the promising antibacterial effects of phages against resistant Klebsiella spp. at all assessed (low, medium, and high) concentrations. The results also indicated that bactericidal effects of phages are augmented with increasing concentration and time of incubation. In addition, the double-layer agar plate method was associated with higher bactericidal effects compared to the tube method. Bactericidal effects of phages at low concentrations are due to their self-replication property. At low concentrations, the number of phages is exponentially increased in the presence of bacterial host 1337 Phages possess some unique properties that make them promising candidates for the treatment of bacterial infections. First, they need to bind to specific surface receptors in order to enter the bacteria and exert their effects. Hence, their bactericidal effects would be specific. Second, since eukaryotic cells lack phage receptors, phage preparations appear be harmless to human, animal, and plant cells Several reports have demonstrated the efficacy of phages in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Salmonella spp., and also Gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus 1338 In spite of the positive findings on the therapeutic efficacy of phages, this strategy has not been introduced into routine clinical practice for the treatment of bacterial infections. This stems from several reasons, the most important of which are the advent and widespread use of antibiotics in the Western world as well as the inconsistency and unsuccessful results of early trials. The main reasons for the inconsistent findings of the early trials are (1) inadequate scientific methodology that was used; (2) not heeding the prerequisites for phage therapy, such as lack of complete knowledge on phage biology, including lysogeny phenomenon (which might have led to the employment of a wrong phage); (3) lack of placebo control and robust trial design; (4) not identifying pure phage strains; (5) not meeting safety requirements for phage preparations, such as endotoxin removal; (6) not confirming adequate phage viability in the employed preparations; and (7) rapid clearance of phages from the body. The modern generation of phage research has attempted to overcome these shortcomings and promising results have been obtained. However, there is still much work to be done in order to extrapolate positive in vitro findings into more complicated in vivo experiments In recent years, there have been relatively few studies on the efficacy of phage therapy against Klebsiella infection, particularly resistant Klebsiella spp. The promising results of this investigation add to the existing body of literature about the potential efficacy of phage therapy. As Klebsiella spp. are among the most important causes of noscomial infections As a limitation of the current study, it must be mentioned that the 24-h bacterial cultures were not tested for bacteriophage resistance. Furthermore, it would be helpful to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of phage preparations in more detailed time points. To sum, the results of this research support the idea that phages are effective bactericidal agents that could serve as potential alternatives for antibiotics in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections. In addition, the present findings provide evidence with respect to the impact of concentration, incubation duration, and method of culture on the bactericidal effects of phages. ACKNOWLEDGMENT