Localized modes in defective multilayer structures

In this paper, the localized surface modes in a defective multilayer structure has been investigated. It is shown that the defective multilayer structures can support two different kind of localized modes depending on the position and the thickness of the defect layer. One of these modes is localized at the interface between the multilayer structure and a homogeneous medium (the so-called surface mode) and the other one is localized at the defect layer (defect localized mode). We reveal that the presence of defect layer pushes the dispersion curve of surface modes to the lower or the upper edge of the photonic bandgap depending on the homogeneous medium is a left-handed or right-handed medium (e.g. vacuum), respectively. So, the existence region of the surface modes restricted. Moreover, the effect of defect on the energy flow velocity of the surface modes is discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure

Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Lone Pair Activity and Phonon Transport in Bi2_2O2_2S

Dibismuth dioxychalcogenides, Bi$_2$O$_2$Ch (Ch = S, Se, Te) are emerging class of materials for next generation electronics and thermoelectrics with an ultrahigh carrier mobility and excellent air stability. Among these, Bi$_2$O$_2$S is fascinating because of stereochemically active 6$s^2$ lone pair of Bi$^{3+}$ cation, heterogeneous bonding and high mass contrast of constituent elements. In this work, we systematically investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure and its implications on lattice dynamics and phonon transport properties of Bi$_2$O$_2$S by employing first principles calculations along with the Boltzmann transport theory. The ambient $Pnmn$ phase exhibits a low average lattice thermal conductivity ($\kappa_l$) of 1.71 W-m/K at 300 K. We also find that Bi$_2$O$_2$S undergoes a structural phase transition from low symmetry ($Pnmn$) to a high symmetry ($I4/mmm$) structure around 4 GPa due to the Bi$^{3+}$ cation centering. Upon compression the lone pair activity of Bi$^{3+}$ cation is suppressed, which increases $\kappa_l$ by nearly 3 times to 4.92 W-m/K at 5 GPa for $I4/mmm$ phase. The calculated phonon lifetimes and Gr\"uneisen parameters show that anharmonicity reduces with increasing pressure due to further suppression of lone pair, strengthening of intra and inter molecular interactions, which raises the average room temperature $\kappa_l$ to 12.82 W-m/K at 20 GPa. Overall, the present study provides a comprehensive understanding of hydrostatic pressure effects on stereochemical activity of the Bi$^{3+}$ cation lone pair and its consequences on phonon transport properties of Bi$_2$O$_2$S.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures and supporting informatio

Longitudinal photocurrent spectroscopy of a single GaAs/AlGaAs v-groove quantum wire

Modulation-doped GaAs v-groove quantum wires (QWRs) have been fabricated with novel electrical contacts made to two-dimensional electron-gas (2DEG) reservoirs. Here, we present longitudinal photocurrent (photoconductivity/PC) spectroscopy measurements of a single QWR. We clearly observe conductance in the ground-state one-dimensional subbands; in addition, a highly temperature-dependent response is seen from other structures within the v-groove. The latter phenomenon is attributed to the effects of structural topography and localization on carrier relaxation. The results of power-dependent PC measurements suggest that the QWR behaves as a series of weakly interacting localized states, at low temperatures

Role of Sthanic Chikitsa in Stree Roga: An Ayurveda Review

Ayurveda put health of women on prime focus and gives detailed description on Stree Roga and their management through Ayurveda approaches. The common gynecological problems are Yonidaha, Yonikandu, Yoni paicchilya, Yoni strava, Yoni karkashata, Vamini and Upapluta yonivyapad, etc. The disturbed pattern of menstruation also causes many gynecological problems associated with female health. Ayurveda explains many ways for curing gynecological disorders especially Yoni Roga requiring local therapeutic measures, Sthanik Chikitsa is one of them which offers therapeutic relieves in various Stree Roga. Yoni-Pichu, Yoni Dhoopan, Yonidhawan, Yoni-Lepana, Uttarbasti, Yoni-Varti and Agnikarma, etc. are common approaches of Sthanik Chikitsa which are useful in many gynecological problems. These all approaches of Ayurveda help to maintain good health status of women and relives symptoms of white discharge, itching, burning micturation, foul smell and discharge, etc. These non-surgical and less invasive techniques offers health benefits to retain reproductive health of female and does not imparts severe side effects. Present article explains role of Sthanic Chikitsa in various Stree Roga

Analgesic use and potential hearing loss: a pharmacovigilance study

Background: Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans today. In India, as per WHO there are approximately 63 million people, who are suffering from significant auditory impairment and estimated prevalence at 6.3% in Indian population. The objective of the study was to determine the potential hearing loss in patients on analgesics.Methods: Prospective, observational study examined the association between analgesic use and potential hearing loss in 30 patients receiving NSAIDS. Data was collected using specialized designed case record form. The clinical signs like onset of tinnitus, appearance of another sound that didn't exist before, sinus infection or a respiratory illness, development of vertigo or spinning sensation were looked for. Audiometry test was advised for all the patients receiving analgesics.Results: Total of 30 patients were included in the study. Male predominance was noted Maximum patients were in the age group between 35-45 years (33.33%). The socioeconomic status was analyzed using revised kuppuswamy scale. 30% (n=09) of patients were in lower class. Majority of the patients were reported with road traffic accidents (n=19; 63.33%) and received analgesics for more than 2 weeks. Patients received different combination of NSAIDs among which aceclofenac was most commonly prescribed. 11 (36.66%) patients had hearing loss received either diclofenac or aceclofenac for more than 25 days.Conclusions: Regular usage of NSAIDS may increase the risk of hearing loss and the impact could be larger on younger individuals. Hence, extra precaution to be taken while prescribing NSAIDS

GSM Module Operated Solar Powered Water Pump

This paper deals with the design of solar tracking system to harness maximum solar energy that is converted into electrical energy which in turn is used to power the irrigation system. The designed single axis solar tracker device, on the basis of LDR sensor values, orients the PV panel in accordance with the position of the sun. The irrigation pump can be controlled in GSM mode. GSM mode the farmer at his own discretion can send a message to ON and OFF the water pump without actually going to the field

3dSS: 3D structural superposition

3dSS is a web-based interactive computing server, primarily designed to aid researchers, to superpose two or several 3D protein structures. In addition, the server can be effectively used to find the invariant and common water molecules present in the superposed homologous protein structures. The molecular visualization tool RASMOL is interfaced with the server to visualize the superposed 3D structures with the water molecules (invariant or common) in the client machine. Furthermore, an option is provided to save the superposed 3D atomic coordinates in the client machine. To perform the above, users need to enter Protein Data Bank (PDB)-id(s) or upload the atomic coordinates in PDB format. This server uses a locally maintained PDB anonymous FTP server that is being updated weekly. This program can be accessed through our Bioinformatics web server at the URL or

Performance of Tomato with Organic Manures in Plastic Tunnel

Tomato is one of the most demanded vegetable with increasing trend of commercial cultivation in Nepal. As it is the heavy feeder crop thus soil nutrient management has been always challenging. Since, in modern world organic production has been favored by consumers for many reasons thus we aimed to compare the efficacy of various compost, mineral fertilizers and their combinations in tomato production and soil productivity. For the purpose a field experiment in plastic tunnel was carried out in Horticulture Research Division, Khumaltar in two consecutive years (2014 and 2015). Srijana, a popular tomato hybrid among commercial producers, was purposively selected. Eight treatments (control, recommended doses of chemical fertilizers, compost 15 t ha-1 + cattle urine, compost 10 t ha-1 + cattle urine, compost 12.5 t ha-1 + cattle urine, compost 15 t ha-1 + 1/4 recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, compost 10 t ha-1 + ¾ recommended dose of chemical fertilizer and compost 12.5 t ha-1 + 1/2 recommended dose of chemical fertilizer) were laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. The result showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between the plant height and yield of tomato. The treatment with compost dose of 12.5 t ha-1 with half dose of recommended dose of chemical fertilizers produced the highest incremental yield (85% increment) over other treatments followed by compost 15 t ha-1 with cattle urine. Addition of soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, soil potassium by the increasing level of compost though not significant, but increment in carbon content, nitrogen content and potassium content of soil observed in successive years. For commercial producer at plastic tunnel, compost at the rate 12.5 t ha-1 with half dose of recommended level of chemical fertilizer (100:90:40 kg N:P:K ha-1) is recommended to apply in field, while for organic producer, application of 15 tha-1 compost with fermented cattle urine is recommended