Interference of multi-mode photon echoes generated in spatially separated solid-state atomic ensembles

High-visibility interference of photon echoes generated in spatially separated solid-state atomic ensembles is demonstrated. The solid state ensembles were LiNbO$_3$ waveguides doped with Erbium ions absorbing at 1.53 $\mu$m. Bright coherent states of light in several temporal modes (up to 3) are stored and retrieved from the optical memories using two-pulse photon echoes. The stored and retrieved optical pulses, when combined at a beam splitter, show almost perfect interference, which demonstrates both phase preserving storage and indistinguishability of photon echoes from separate optical memories. By measuring interference fringes for different storage times, we also show explicitly that the visibility is not limited by atomic decoherence. These results are relevant for novel quantum repeaters architectures with photon echo based multimode quantum memories

Interference of Spontaneous Emission of Light from two Solid-State Atomic Ensembles

We report an interference experiment of spontaneous emission of light from two distant solid-state ensembles of atoms that are coherently excited by a short laser pulse. The ensembles are Erbium ions doped into two LiNbO3 crystals with channel waveguides, which are placed in the two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The light that is spontaneously emitted after the excitation pulse shows first-order interference. By a strong collective enhancement of the emission, the atoms behave as ideal two-level quantum systems and no which-path information is left in the atomic ensembles after emission of a photon. This results in a high fringe visibility of 95%, which implies that the observed spontaneous emission is highly coherent

Quark-antiquark composite systems: the Bethe-Salpeter equation in the spectral-integration technique

The Bethe-Salpeter equations for the light-quark composite systems, q q-bar, are written in terms of spectral integrals. For the q q-bar -mesons characterized by the mass M, spin J and radial quantum number n, the equations are presented for the following (n,M^2)-trajectories: pi_J, eta_J, a_J, f_J, rho_J, omega_J, h_J and b_J.Comment: 42 pages, 5 figures, typos correcte

Highly multimode memory in a crystal

We experimentally demonstrate the storage of 1060 temporal modes onto a thulium-doped crystal using an atomic frequency comb (AFC). The comb covers 0.93 GHz defining the storage bandwidth. As compared to previous AFC preparation methods (pulse sequences i.e. amplitude modulation), we only use frequency modulation to produce the desired optical pumping spectrum. To ensure an accurate spectrally selective optical pumping, the frequency modulated laser is self-locked on the atomic comb. Our approach is general and should be applicable to a wide range of rare-earth doped material in the context of multimode quantum memory

Baryon spectra with instanton induced forces

Except the vibrational excitations of $K$ and $K^*$ mesons, the main features of spectra of mesons composed of quarks $u$, $d$, and $s$ can be quite well described by a semirelativistic potential model including instanton induced forces. The spectra of baryons composed of the same quarks is studied using the same model. The results and the limitations of this approach are described. Some possible improvements are suggested.Comment: 5 figure

Quark--antiquark states and their radiative transitions in terms of the spectral integral equation. {\Huge II.} Charmonia

In the precedent paper of the authors (hep-ph/0510410), the $b\bar b$ states were treated in the framework of the spectral integral equation, together with simultaneous calculations of radiative decays of the considered bottomonia. In the present paper, such a study is carried out for the charmonium $(c\bar c)$ states. We reconstruct the interaction in the $c\bar c$-sector on the basis of data for the charmonium levels with $J^{PC}=0^{-+}$, $1^{--}$, $0^{++}$, $1^{++}$, $2^{++}$, $1^{+-}$ and radiative transitions $\psi(2S)\to\gamma\chi_{c0}(1P)$, $\gamma\chi_{c1}(1P)$, $\gamma\chi_{c2}(1P)$, $\gamma\eta_{c}(1S)$ and $\chi_{c0}(1P)$, $\chi_{c1}(1P)$, $\chi_{c2}(1P)\to\gamma J/\psi$. The $c\bar c$ levels and their wave functions are calculated for the radial excitations with $n\le 6$. Also, we determine the $c\bar c$ component of the photon wave function using the $e^+e^-$ annihilation data: $e^+e^- \to J/\psi(3097)$, $\psi(3686)$, $\psi(3770)$, $\psi(4040)$, $\psi(4160)$, $\psi(4415)$ and perform the calculations of the partial widths of the two-photon decays for the $n=1$ states: $\eta_{c0}(1S)$, $\chi_{c0}(1P)$, $\chi_{c2}(1P)\to\gamma\gamma$, and $n=2$ states: $\eta_{c0}(2S)\to\gamma\gamma$, $\chi_{c0}(2P)$, $\chi_{c2}(2P)\to \gamma\gamma$. We discuss the status of the recently observed $c\bar c$ states X(3872) and Y(3941): according to our results, the X(3872) can be either $\chi_{c1}(2P)$ or $\eta_{c2}(1D)$, while Y(3941) is $\chi_{c2}(2P)$.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Quark--antiquark states and their radiative transitions in terms of the spectral integral equation. {\Huge III.} Light mesons

We continue the investigation of mesons in terms of the spectral integral equation initiated before [hep-ph/0510410, hep-ph/0511005] for the $b\bar b$ and $c\bar c$ systems: in this paper we consider the light-quark ($u, d,s$) mesons with masses $M\le 3$ GeV. The calculations have been performed for the mesons lying on linear trajectories in the $(n,M^2)$-planes, where $n$ is the radial quantum number. Our consideration relates to the $q\bar q$ states with one component in the flavor space, with the quark and antiquark masses equal to each other, such as $\pi(0^{-+})$, $\rho(1^{--})$, $\omega(1^{--})$, $\phi(1^{--})$, $a_0(0^{++})$, $a_1(1^{++})$, $a_2(2^{++})$, $b_1(1^{+-})$, $f_2(2^{++})$, $\pi_2(2^{-+})$, $\rho_3(3^{--})$, $\omega_3(3^{--})$, $\phi_3(3^{--})$, $\pi_4(4^{-+})$ at $n\le 6$. We obtained the wave functions and mass values of mesons lying on these trajectories. The corresponding trajectories are linear, in agreement with data. We have calculated the two-photon decays $\pi\to \gamma\gamma$, $a_0(980)\to \gamma\gamma$, $a_2(1320)\to \gamma\gamma$, $f_2(1285)\to \gamma\gamma$, $f_2(1525)\to \gamma\gamma$ and radiative transitions $\rho\to\gamma\pi$, $\omega\to\gamma\pi$, that agree qualitatively with the experiment. On this basis, we extract the singular part of the interaction amplitude, which corresponds to the so-called "confinement interaction". The description of the data requires the presence of the strong $t$-channel singularities for both scalar and vector exchanges.Comment: 48 pages, 24 figure

Spectroscopic investigations of a Ti:Tm:LiNbO3 waveguide for photon-echo quantum memory

We report the fabrication and characterization of a Ti$^{4+}$:Tm$^{3+}$:LiNbO$_3$ optical waveguide in view of photon-echo quantum memory applications. In particular, we investigated room- and cryogenic-temperature properties via absorption, spectral hole burning, photon echo, and Stark spectroscopy. We found radiative lifetimes of 82 $\mu$s and 2.4 ms for the $^3$H$_4$ and $^3$F$_4$ levels, respectively, and a 44% branching ratio from the $^3$H$_{4}$ to the $^3$F$_4$ level. We also measured an optical coherence time of 1.6 $\mu$s for the $^3$H$_6\leftrightarrow{}^3$H$_4$, 795 nm wavelength transition, and investigated the limitation of spectral diffusion to spectral hole burning. Upon application of magnetic fields of a few hundred Gauss, we observed persistent spectral holes with lifetimes up to seconds. Furthermore, we measured a linear Stark shift of 25 kHz$\cdot$cm/V. Our results are promising for integrated, electro-optical, waveguide quantum memory for photons.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figure

The rho -> gamma pi and omega -> gamma pi decays in quark-model approach and estimation of coupling for pion emission by quark

In the framework of the relativistic and gauge invariant spectral integral technique, we calculate radiative decays rho(770)-> gamma pi(140) and omega(780)-> gamma pi(140) supposing all mesons (pi, rho and omega) to be quark-antiquark states. The q anti-q wave functions found for mesons and photon lead to a reasonably good description of data ($\Gamma^{(exp)}_{\rho^{\pm} \to\gamma\pi^{\pm}}=68\pm 30$ keV, $\Gamma^{(exp)}_{\rho^{0}\to\gamma\pi^0}=77\pm 28$ keV, $\Gamma^{(exp)}_{\omega\to\gamma\pi^0}=776\pm 45$ keV) that makes it possible to estimate the coupling for the bremsstrahlung emission of pion by quarks $g_\pi\equiv g_\pi (u\to d \pi)$. We have found two values for the pion bremsstrahlung coupling: $|g_\pi|=16.7 \pm 0.3 ^{+0.1}_{-2.3}$ (Solution I) and $|g_\pi|=3.0 \pm 0.3 ^{+0.1}_{-2.1}$ (Solution II). Within SU(6)-symmetry for nucleons, Solution I gives us for pi NN coupling the value $16.4 \le g_{\pi NN}^2/(4\pi) \le 23.2$ that is in qualitative agreement with the pi N scattering data, $g_{\pi NN}^2/(4\pi)\simeq 14$. For excited states, we have estimated the partial widths in Solution I as follows: $\Gamma (\rho_{2S}^\pm\to \gamma\pi)\simeq 10 - 130$ keV, $\Gamma (\rho_{2S}^0\to \gamma\pi)\simeq 10 -130$ keV, $\Gamma (\omega_{2S}\to \gamma\pi)\simeq 60 - 1080$ keV. The large uncertainties emphasise the necessity to carry out measurements of the meson radiative processes in the region of large masses.Comment: 23 pages in IOP forma