The perception of G. Herwegh’s personality and work in Russian culture: from revolutionary spirit to a scandalous love affair

The article was submitted on 12.04.2016.Рассматривается динамика восприятия и трактовки личности и наследия немецкого поэта XIX в. Георга Гервега в России. Исследование вопроса показывает, что характер рецепции определялся культурно-исторической ситуацией в принимающей культуре, особенно в политической поэзии, которая основана на риторике духовного назидания. В научный оборот впервые вводится материал помет и автографов из архива Василия Андреевича Жуковского на страницах издания самой популярной книги Гервега. На основании данного материала выдвигается положение о том, что в начальный период восприятия поэзия Гервега осмыслялась только в контексте немецкой литературы от ее начала до середины XIX в., и ее рассмотрение давало материал для истории немецкой литературы. Второй этап активного обращения отечественной словесности к его наследию связан с приходом и воцарением в России того идейного пафоса, который был характерен для политических стихов, определивших скандальную популярность немецкого поэта. Начало этого периода связано с послереволюционным десятилетием 1820-х гг. Русская литература обратилась к наследию Гервега специально, обозначив новый этап рецепции крупной антологией свежих переводов его стихов «Избранное» и рядом литературоведческих трудов. Новый всплеск внимания к Гервегу в истории русской литературы и гуманитарной мысли ознаменовался выходом в 2009–2013 гг. сразу нескольких работ, посвященных отношениям немецкого поэта с А. И. Герценом и его супругой Натали. В постсоветской русистике неоднозначная и неординарная личность немецкого поэта приобрела новые черты, внимание сосредоточилось на любовном треугольнике Герцены – Гервег, послужившем главным прототипом конфликта для «Былого и дум». Парадигматический слом в осмыслении фигуры немецкого поэта, связанный со сменой текстуального дискурса на биографический, напрямую отразился и в русской массовой словесной культуре.This paper offers an overview of the perception of work and the evaluation of the personality of 19th century German poet Georg Herwegh. The research demonstrates that the character of perception is determined by the cultural and historical context in the receiving culture, and it is even more so with political poetry that is based on the rhetoric of spiritual edification. The analysis is made with reference to previously unstudied materials, namely, marks and notes from the archive of V. A. Zhukovsky made on the pages of Herwegh’s most popular book. On the basis of this material the authors conclude that this period was characterised by the initial attempt to represent Herwegh and his poetry within the framework of the history of German literature from its emergence to the mid-19th century. The second period of Russian authors’ reference to his poetry was dominated by the appearance in Russia of the ideological tonality typical of the political poems that won the German poet his fame. The beginning of this period was the post-revolutionary decade of the 1820s. Russian literature specially turned to Herwegh’s legacy, thus marking a new stage of perception by publishing Selected Poems, a new voluminous anthology of translations of his works, as well as a number of literary studies. A new burst of attention began between 2009 and 2013 when numerous articles on the relationship between the Herzens and Herwegh were published. Post-Soviet Russian scholars have examined the controversial personality of the German author through a lens which has brought new traits to the fore: the love triangle between Herwegh and the Herzens which was the main prototype of the conflict in Herzen’s My Past and Thoughts. The paradigmatic shift in the perception of the German poet connected with the change from the textual to the biographic discourse is directly reflected in Russian mass literary culture.The article is supported by the Russian Foundation for the Humanities (Project 16-04-50012) and a grant from the President of the Russian Federation (MD-4756.2016.6)

Cross-tail velocity component in the plasma sheet fast flows

The flux transfer in the magnetotail plasma sheet is mainly provided by the tail-aligned fast plasma flows (Bursty Bulk Flows – BBFs). In this paper we study the events with a large cross-tail velocity component, including their occurrence and relationship to the standard BBFs. We found out that a significant part of large <I>V<sub>y</sub></I> events are a subgroup connected with the BBFs propagation. The maximal deviation of the velocity vector from the X direction (about 40–50 degrees, on average) is observed near the BBFs' leading front in the sheath, where the fast flow interacts with surrounding plasma. The average variation of the velocity direction in the vicinity of the BBF resembles a plasma vortex. Our results support the model, in which the BBF represents a polarized, bubble-like flux tube, propagating through the plasma sheet

Features of digital writing as a language activity in the context of modern online communication

The article focuses on digital writing, which intrudes on the domain of “live” interaction, largely replacing it and manifestating its specific language features. Modern online communication depends on many factors: the accessibility of the media platforms; forms of written online communication (official / unofficial); type of communication. Everyday digital written communication based on Internet channels leads to the fact that not only the conditions of written speech production are changed, but also the perception of the written text, namely, both writing and reading skills alter. With the advent of novel means of interaction such as the Internet, there has been a lot of research and widespread discussion of how digital media influence the change in the written form of communication. The article summarises the features observed on lexical, syntactic, punctuation and graphic levels

Isoperiodic deformations of the acoustic operator and periodic solutions of the Harry Dym equation

We consider the problem of describing the possible spectra of an acoustic operator with a periodic finite-gap density. We construct flows on the moduli space of algebraic Riemann surfaces that preserve the periods of the corresponding operator. By a suitable extension of the phase space, these equations can be written with quadratic irrationalities.Comment: 15 page

Induced absorption spectra of crystal violet in various solvents

The study of short-lived induced (singlet-singlet) and long-lived induced (in particular, triplet-triplet) absorption capacity of crystal violet (CV) in various solvents was carried out by the pump-probe method. Water, dimethyl sulfoxide, isopropyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol were selected as solvents. The formation of triplet states in various CV solvents was revealed upon excitation by nanosecond radiation of the 4th harmonic of a Nd: YAG laser (wavelength 266 nm, average power –25.5 mV, repetition frequency –3Hz, pulse duration –10 ns, peak power –10-12 MW/cm2). It is shown that the spectrum of the induced CV absorption in ethanol contains two closely spaced bands at 400 and 485 nm. Short-lived and long-lived induced CV absorption in isopropanol at room temperature (λmax=400 nm) was recorded

DNA double-strand breaks induced by high NaCl occur predominantly in gene deserts

High concentration of NaCl increases DNA breaks both in cell culture and in vivo. The breaks remain elevated as long as NaCl concentration remains high and are rapidly repaired when the concentration is lowered. The exact nature of the breaks, and their location, has not been entirely clear, and it has not been evident how cells survive, replicate, and maintain genome integrity in environments like the renal inner medulla in which cells are constantly exposed to high NaCl concentration. Repair of the breaks after NaCl is reduced is accompanied by formation of foci containing phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), which occurs around DNA double-strand breaks and contributes to their repair. Here, we confirm by specific comet assay and pulsed-field electrophoresis that cells adapted to high NaCl have increased levels of double-strand breaks. Importantly, γH2AX foci that occur during repair of the breaks are nonrandomly distributed in the mouse genome. By chromatin immunoprecipitation using anti-γH2AX antibody, followed by massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq), we find that during repair of double-strand breaks induced by high NaCl, γH2AX is predominantly localized to regions of the genome devoid of genes (“gene deserts”), indicating that the high NaCl-induced double-strand breaks are located there. Localization to gene deserts helps explain why the DNA breaks are less harmful than are the random breaks induced by genotoxic agents such as UV radiation, ionizing radiation, and oxidants. We propose that the universal presence of NaCl around animal cells has directly influenced the evolution of the structure of their genomes

Quantitative magnetotail characteristics of different magnetospheric states

Quantitative relationships allowing one to compute the lobe magnetic field, flaring angle and tail radius, and to evaluate magnetic flux based on solar wind/IMF parameters and spacecraft position are obtained for the middle magnetotail, <i>X</i>=(–15,–35)<i>R<sub>E</sub></i>, using 3.5 years of simultaneous Geotail and Wind spacecraft observations. For the first time it was done separately for different states of magnetotail including the substorm onset (SO) epoch, the steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) and quiet periods (Q). In the explored distance range the magnetotail parameters appeared to be similar (within the error bar) for Q and SMC states, whereas at SO their values are considerably larger. In particular, the tail radius is larger by 1–3 <i>R<sub>E</sub></i> at substorm onset than during Q and SMC states, for which the radius value is close to previous magnetopause model values. The calculated lobe magnetic flux value at substorm onset is ~1GWb, exceeding that at Q (SMC) states by ~50%. The model magnetic flux values at substorm onset and SMC show little dependence on the solar wind dynamic pressure and distance in the tail, so the magnetic flux value can serve as an important discriminator of the state of the middle magnetotail.<br><br> <b>Key words.</b> Magnetospheric physics (solar windmagnetosphere- interactions, magnetotail, storms and substorms