A significant increase in kdr in Anopheles gambiae is associated with an intensive vector control intervention in Burundi highlands.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: In Burundi, the occurrence of the knock down resistance (kdr) mutation in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was determined for six consecutive years within the framework of a vector control programme. Findings were also linked with the insecticide resistance status observed with bioassay in An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus. RESULTS: The proportion of An. gambiae s.l. carrying the East Leu-Ser kdr mutation was 1% before the spraying intervention in 2002; by 2007 it was 86% in sprayed valleys and 67% in untreated valleys. Multivariate analysis showed that increased risk of carrying the kdr mutation is associated with spraying interventions, location and time. In bioassays conducted between 2005 and 2007 at five sites, An. funestus was susceptible to permethrin, deltamethrin and DDT. Anopheles gambiae s.l. remained susceptible or tolerant to deltamethrin and resistant to DDT and permethrin, but only when kdr allele carriers reached 90% of the population. CONCLUSIONS: The cross-resistance against DDT and permethrin in Karuzi suggests a possible kdr resistance mechanism. Nevertheless, the homozygous resistant genotype alone does not entirely explain the bioassay results, and other mechanisms conferring resistance cannot be ruled out. After exposure to all three insecticides, homozygote individuals for the kdr allele dominate among the surviving An. gambiae s.l. This confirms the potential selection pressure of pyrethroids on kdr mutation. However, the high occurrence of the kdr mutation, even at sites far from the sprayed areas, suggests a selection pressure other than that exerted by the vector control programme

A rare case of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins

Dicephalic parapagus are one of the rare forms of conjoined twins. Their prognosis is usually very poor. Early prenatal diagnosis of these serious congenital abnormalities remains a real challenge for health systems in the low-income countries. The late antenatal diagnosis of a case of this abnormality was presented. The diagnosis was made at the 33rd week on the only ultrasound performed during the pregnancy. The pregnancy was interrupted with the agreement of the couple and delivery was performed by caesarean section.

Transculturalism, diaspora and otherness: the quest for a home in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s americana

This paper aims to re-evaluate the role of otherness, the true keystone of Americanah which invites to wonder if it might not be at the origin of certain limits that appear in transculturalism. The places most likely to welcome transculturalism in Western societies come across as culture places, where dominant norms are challenged to include otherness. This study reveals that transculturality facilitates African Diasporas circulation and delineates a field of identifications with hybrid status. Therefore, hybridity can generate discomfort and a loss of the feeling of being at home. Suffocation, confinement, the disturbingly familiar strangers are all reasons that tarnish transculturalism representations by underlining its limits, which seep into homes that lose ability to offer shelter. The function of home to provide protection is then deterritorialised in relationships or in professional spaces. The analysis suggests that transculturalism stumbling block is not so much otherness than othering, that is to say the imposition of another identity on someone based on appearance, ethnic, cultural background, or sex identity dimensions. Thus, from otherness to othering, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, as a transcultural Nigerian female writer, reveals that alienation corrodes transcultural characters and generates positive opening discussions and meetings around new postcolonial relations

CROYANCES COLLECTIVES ET DISCONTINUITE DU SUIVI PRENATAL EN MILIEU URBAIN IVOIRIEN (ABIDJAN / COTE D’IVOIRE)

Antenatal care (ANC) is an activity allowing the medical care of pregnant women so as to prevent possible complications with pregnancy and birth, which may cause diseases to the extent of the death of the mother. However, that activity is irregularly carried out by pregnant women in the Ivorian urban environment, while they are subject to important stimulus affecting attitude. In view of that situation, the present study is to analyze the influence that has the level of knowledgeof antenatal care components on compliance with said components in pregnant women (analyzes of 1st trimester, prenatal visits and ultrasounds). Therefore, an indirectly administrated questionnaire was administered to a sample of one thousand three hundred and fifty two (1,352) women from seven (7) to nine (9) months of pregnancy selected on the basis of antenatal consultations statistics in seven (7) governmental general hospitals. Data were analyzed using the chi square of Pearson. It results that the discontinuity in antenatal care, perceptible through the realization of tests prescribed during the first antenatal visit, regular antenatal visits and ultrasounds checks is related to collective beliefs elaborated based upon the level of knowledge about prenatal care components

Activités antioxydantes de dix plantes medicinales de la pharmacopée ivoirienne.

Le stress oxydant, cause de plusieurs maladies, suscite la recherche de nouveaux remèdes antioxydants. Dans cette optique, l’étude de l’activité antioxydante des extraits méthanoliques de dix (10) plantes utilisées dans la pharmacopée ivoirienne a été réalisée. Ces plantes sont issues de la région forestière de la Côte d’Ivoire et précisément du département d’ISSIA (région du haut Sassandra). Les extraits des dix plantes sont obtenus après macération dans le méthanol 96 %, pendant 48 H, à la température ambiante (25°C), suivie d’une double filtration sur coton puis sur papier wattman 3 mm et évaporé au rotavapor. La poudre ainsi obtenue, nous a permis de réaliser nos tests phytochimiques et antioxydants. Le tri phytochimique, l’activité antiradicalaire par le DPPH et l’inhibition de la peroxydation lipidique par la méthode au thiocyanate ferrique et la méthode des TBARS ont été utilisées. Le tri phytochimique a permis de révéler que ces plantes contiennent des stérols, des polyterpènes, des polyphénols, des flavonoïdes des alcaloïdes et des saponines. Celles qui présentent l’activité antioxydante et antiradicalaire avérée sont: Mitragyna ciliata (CI50 = 10,5 ± 0,288 μg/mL), Trichilia prieuriana (CI50 = 7,5 ± 0,288 μg/mL), Chrysophyllum perpulchrum (CI50 = 4,00 ± 0,288 μg/mL) et Disthemonanthus benthamianus (CI50 = 4,50 ± 0,288 μg/ ml). Ces plantes contiennent des flavonoïdes et des polyphénols qui sont en général de très bons antioxydants. Ainsi, elles sont, au vu de notre étude, considérées comme des plantes antioxydantes et antiradicalaires parmi les 10 plantes sélectionnées.Mots clés : antioxydante, antiradicalaires, Screening, phytochimi

Diversité botanique dans le sud du parc national de Taï, Côte d’Ivoirean

Botanical diversity of the South of Taï National Park, Côte d’IvoireThe Tai National Park (TNP) is one of the last vestiges of ≪ primary ≫ forest remained in West Africa. The northern part is almost well known but the southern one is not. To mitigate this lack, we conducted a study in the South of the TNP. To achieve the inventory, two methods were used: “walk set up” and the “plot set up”. Nine hundred height plants species were recorded. They belonged to 550 genera and 116 families. The richest families were Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. Among all the species, 175 were endemic of West African forests, 11 endemic to Ivorian forests and 61 “sassandrian”. The study showed that for tree species with dbh ≥10 cm Hymenostegia afzelii, Strombosia pustulata,  Diospyros sanza-minika, Funtumia africana, Calpocalyx brevibracteatus and representatives of Caesalpiniaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Ebenaceae families were the richest and had the highest values of IVI and FIV. Endemic, “sassandrian”, rare and threatened species constitute the major characteristic of the TNP and confirm that it includes in the Guinean Forests of West Africa Hotspot

Analyse des Déterminants de la Martraitance des Femmes en Couche dans les Hôpitaux Publics en Côte d’Ivore: cas du Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) de Divo

L’étude a pour objectif d’analyser les déterminants de la maltraitance des femmes en couche. L’hypothèse de recherche soutient que des facteurs socioéconomiques et institutionnels sont à l’origine de la maltraitance des femmes en couche dans les Centres Hospitaliers Régionaux (CHR). Deux (2) théories ont été mises à contribution. Ce sont les théories de l’opportunité de Cohen et Felson, et la théorie économique du crime de Becker. Les techniques et outils de recueil des données sont la recherche documentaire, l’observation, le questionnaire et l’entretien. L’étude a reposé sur un échantillon de 72 personnes déterminées selon la méthode de choix raisonné. Quant à l’analyse des données, le mode de traitement est qualitatif et quantitatif. Au niveau des résultats, il convient de préciser que les déterminants des maltraitances des femmes en couche sont : le non-respect des consignes données par les sages-femmes, la pauvreté des femmes, le manque de professionnalisme des agents de santé et le manque de matériels.   The study aims to analyze the determinants of abuse of women in bed. The research hypothesis holds that socioeconomic and institutional factors account for the abuse of women in bed in CHRs. The data collection tools are desk research, observation, questionnaire and interview. The study was based on a sample of 72 individuals using the reasoned choice method. As for the analysis of the data, the mode of treatment is qualitative and quantitative. In terms of results, it should be noted that the description of the women in bed was made around their characteristic identity characteristics such as their age, level of education, nationality, and religion. Concerning the manifestations of these mistreatments, we retain that they are of several types. The most significant are verbal, physical, psychological and neglect violence. As factors explaining the abuse of women in bed, the study shows that the factors are: non-compliance with instructions given by midwives, women's poverty, lack of professionalism of health workers and lack of materials

A censored logit-based analysis of the inclusive resilience of solidarity finance in Europe

In this article, we study the factors explaining the inclusive resilience of solidarity finance, namely the ability of this alternative finance to include individuals, projects and areas excluded from classic finance. From european data about the solidarity finance institutions (SFI), we construct an indicator that measures the inclusive resilience of SFIs via a scoring method. Contrary to Kouakou (2017), this indicator does not depend on the lifetime of SFIs. So, we remove from the inclusive indicator the temporal factor so that it now holds in a bounded above interval, making OLS econometric method no longer applicable. Finally, we show, through a censored logit estimation, that factors as territorial anchorage of SFIs, participatory governance within SFIs, governmental subsidies and an indicator of financial capacity, reinforce the inclusive resilience of SFIs. Keywords: finance, resilience, solidarity finance, scoring, censored logit. JEL Classification: C24, C25, C87, G2

Analyse des Déterminants de la Martraitance des Femmes en Couche dans les Hôpitaux Publics en Côte d’Ivore: cas du Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) de Divo

L’étude a pour objectif d’analyser les déterminants de la maltraitance des femmes en couche. L’hypothèse de recherche soutient que des facteurs socioéconomiques et institutionnels sont à l’origine de la maltraitance des femmes en couche dans les Centres Hospitaliers Régionaux (CHR). Deux (2) théories ont été mises à contribution. Ce sont les théories de l’opportunité de Cohen et Felson, et la théorie économique du crime de Becker. Les techniques et outils de recueil des données sont la recherche documentaire, l’observation, le questionnaire et l’entretien. L’étude a reposé sur un échantillon de 72 personnes déterminées selon la méthode de choix raisonné. Quant à l’analyse des données, le mode de traitement est qualitatif et quantitatif. Au niveau des résultats, il convient de préciser que les déterminants des maltraitances des femmes en couche sont : le non-respect des consignes données par les sages-femmes, la pauvreté des femmes, le manque de professionnalisme des agents de santé et le manque de matériels.   The study aims to analyze the determinants of abuse of women in bed. The research hypothesis holds that socioeconomic and institutional factors account for the abuse of women in bed in CHRs. The data collection tools are desk research, observation, questionnaire and interview. The study was based on a sample of 72 individuals using the reasoned choice method. As for the analysis of the data, the mode of treatment is qualitative and quantitative. In terms of results, it should be noted that the description of the women in bed was made around their characteristic identity characteristics such as their age, level of education, nationality, and religion. Concerning the manifestations of these mistreatments, we retain that they are of several types. The most significant are verbal, physical, psychological and neglect violence. As factors explaining the abuse of women in bed, the study shows that the factors are: non-compliance with instructions given by midwives, women's poverty, lack of professionalism of health workers and lack of materials