Efecte dels àcids grassos omega-3 d¿origen marí i els polifenols sobre la síndrome metabòlica en rates.

L’entitat clínica coneguda com Síndrome metabòlica (SM) es troba fortament condicionada per factors ambientals com una dieta inadequada o el sedentarisme i actualment afecta entre un 10-25% de la població adulta mundial, en alguns països i grups d’edat aquest percentatge arriba a ser del 50-60%. El fet de patir SM augmenta el doble el risc patir malaltia cardiovascular (MCV) i en cinc vegades el risc de patir Diabetis Mellitus tipus 2. A partir d’estudis observacionals sobre poblacions amb baixa incidència de SM, les quals consumien grans quantitats d’oli de peix, es va veure que els àcids grassos poliinsaturats de cadella llarga omega-3 (AGPI omega-3) eren clau per a la prevenció i millora de la SM. Però al tractar-se de àcids grassos amb varies instauracions en la seva estructura química, són vulnerables a la lipoperoxidació en una situació d’estrès oxidatiu. En el cas de la SM, l’estrès oxidatiu juga un paper clau en dos sentits, per un costat pot intervenir en el desenvolupament de factors de risc com l’aterosclerosi o la resistència a la insulina i per l’altre ser secundari a processos patològics previs com l’obesitat. Diferents estudis han classificat els antioxidants d’origen fenòlic com els antioxidants externs que disposen de mes afinitat per a les membranes, resultant així els antioxidants més eficaços per disminuir l’oxidació de les membranes riques en AGPI. Per tot això, aquest treball pretén demostrar que una dieta enriquida en AGPI omega-3 prevé la SM i l’estrès oxidatiu associat a aquesta i com aquesta millora es pot incrementar amb l’administració dietètica dels polifenols provinents de la llavor de raïm.La entidad clínica conocida como Síndrome metabólico (SM) está fuertemente condicionada por factores ambientales tales como un dieta inadecuada o el sedentarismo y actualmente afecta entre 10-25% de la población mundial adulta, en algunos países y grupos de edad este porcentaje llega a valores de 50-60%. El hecho de padecer SM aumenta dos veces el riesgo de padecer enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) y en cinco veces el riesgo de padecer Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. A partir de estudios observacionales sobre poblaciones con baja incidencia en SM, las cuales consumían grandes cantidades de aceite de pescado, se observó que los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 (AGPI omega-3) eren claves para la prevención y mejora del SM. Pero al tratarse de ácidos grasos con varias instauraciones en su estructura química son vulnerables a sufrir peroxidación lipidica en una situación de estrés oxidativo. En el SM el estrés oxidativo juega un papel clave en dos sentidos, por un lado puede intervenir en el desarrollo de factores de riesgo como la ateroesclerosis o la resistencia a la insulina, por otro lado puede ser secundario a procesos patológicos previos como por ejemplo la obesidad. Diferentes estudios han clasificado los antioxidantes de origen fenolico como los antioxidantes externos con más afinidad por las membranas ricas en AGPI. Por todo esto, este trabajo pretende demostrar que una dieta enriquecida en AGPI omega-3 previene el SM y el estrés oxidativo asociado a esta y como esta mejora se puede ver incrementada con la suplementación dietética de los polifenoles procedentes del hueso de las uvas.Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a clinical entity which is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as unhealthy diet and poor physical inactivity. Nowadays MS affects approximately 10-25% adults worldwide; in some countries and age groups the percentage can be as high as 50-60%. MS increases the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes by 2-and 5-fold, respectively. The evidence showed that populations with low incidence of MS consume large amounts of fish oil. Therefore were established omega-3 PUFA as a key to prevention and improvement of SM. The chemical structure of PUFA with double bounds in it leads these fatty acids to lipoperoxidation in a situation of oxidative stress. In SM oxidative stress plays a key role in two ways, on one hand might intervene in the development of risk factors such as atherosclerosis or insulin resistance and on the other hand could be secondary to a previous pathological process such as obesity. Different studies have classified the phenol antioxidant as external antioxidants source which have more affinity for membranes, resulting in the most effective antioxidants to reduce oxidation membranes rich in PUFA. All in all, this study aims to demonstrate that a diet rich in PUFA omega-3 prevents SM and oxidative stress associated. Also this improvement can be increased with the administration of dietary polyphenols from grape seed

Effects of Fish Oil and Grape Seed Extract Combination on Hepatic Endogenous Antioxidants and Bioactive Lipids in Diet-Induced Early Stages of Insulin Resistance in Rats

© 2020 by the authors.Diacylglycerols (DAG) and ceramides have been suggested as early predictors of insulin resistance. This study was aimed to examine the combined effects of fish oil (FO) and grape seed extract (GSE) on hepatic endogenous antioxidants, DAG and ceramides in diet-induced early stages of insulin resistance. Thirty-five rats were fed one of the following diets: (1) a standard diet (STD group), (2) a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS group), (3) an HFHS diet enriched with FO (FO group), (4) an HFHS diet enriched with GSE (GSE group) or (5) an HFHS diet enriched with FO and GSE (FO + GSE group). In the liver, endogenous antioxidants were measured using spectrophotometric and fluorometric techniques, and non-targeted lipidomics was conducted for the assessment of DAG and ceramides. After 24 weeks, the FO + GSE group showed increased glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing DAG, and long-chain fatty acid-containing ceramides abundances compared to the STD group. The FO and GSE combination induced similar activation of the antioxidant system and bioactive lipid accumulation in the liver than the HFHS diet without supplementation. In addition, the FO and GSE combination increased the abundances of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing DAG in the liver.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [grant numbers AGL2009-12374-C03-02, AGL2013-49079-C2-1-R and AGL2013-49079-C2-2-R].Peer reviewe

Effects of fish oil and grape seed extract combination on hepatic endogenous antioxidants and bioactive lipids in diet-induced early stages of insulin resistance in rats

Diacylglycerols (DAG) and ceramides have been suggested as early predictors of insulinresistance. This study was aimed to examine the combined effects of fish oil (FO) and grape seedextract (GSE) on hepatic endogenous antioxidants, DAG and ceramides in diet-induced early stagesof insulin resistance. Thirty-five rats were fed one of the following diets: (1) a standard diet (STDgroup), (2) a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS group), (3) an HFHS diet enriched with FO (FO group),(4) an HFHS diet enriched with GSE (GSE group) or (5) an HFHS diet enriched with FO and GSE(FO+GSE group). In the liver, endogenous antioxidants were measured using spectrophotometricand fluorometric techniques, and non-targeted lipidomics was conducted for the assessment of DAGand ceramides. After 24 weeks, the FO+GSE group showed increased glutathione peroxidaseactivity, as well as monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing DAG, andlong-chain fatty acid-containing ceramides abundances compared to the STD group. The FO and GSEcombination induced similar activation of the antioxidant system and bioactive lipid accumulation inthe liver than the HFHS diet without supplementation. In addition, the FO and GSE combinationincreased the abundances of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing DAG in the liver

Eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid 1:1 ratio improves histological alterations in obese rats with metabolic syndrome

Background Marine polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been associated with improvement in the Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The aim of this study is to evaluate how three fish-oil diets with different eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid ratios (EPA/DHA ratio) affect the histology of liver, kidney, adipose tissue and aorta in a preliminary morphological study. This work uses an animal model of metabolic syndrome in comparison with healthy animals in order to provide information about the best EPA:DHA ratio to prevent or to improve metabolic syndrome symptoms. Methods 35 Wistar rats, as a control, and 35 spontaneously hypertensive obese rats (SHROB) were fed for 13 weeks with 3 different suplemmentation of fish oil containing EPA and DHA ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2, respectively). All samples were stained with haematoxylin/eosin stain, except aorta samples, which were stained also with Verhoeff and van Gieson’s stain. A histological study was carried out to evaluate changes. These changes were statistically analyzed using SPSS IBM 19 software. The quantitative data were expressed by mean ± SD and were compared among groups and treatments using ANOVA with post-hoc tests for parametric data and the U-Mann–Whitney for non-parametric data. Qualitative data were expressed in frequencies, and compared with contingency tables using χ2 statistics. Results EPA:DHA 1:1 treatment tended to improve the density and the wrinkling of elastic layers in SHROB rats. Only Wistar rats fed with EPA:DHA 1:1 treatment did not show mast cells in adipose tissue and has less kidney atrophy. In both strains EPA:DHA 1:1 treatment improved inflammation related parameters in liver and kidney. Conclusions EPA:DHA 1:1 treatment was the most beneficial treatment since improved many histological parameters in both groups of rats.This investigation was supported, in part, by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grants AGL2009-12374-C03-01,-02 and -03). EM acknowledges the Panamanian government (SENACYT / IFARHU) for her pre-doctoral fellowship. We thank URV’s Language Service for rewriting the English version of this paper. SUPPORTED BY: Proyectos de Investigación Fundamental, Ministerio Español de Ciencia e Innovación, Plan Nacional 2009.Referencia: AGL2009-12374-C03-01, -02 and -03.Peer Reviewe

Functional effects of the buckwheat iminosugar D-fagomine on rats with diet-induced prediabetes

Scope: The goals of this work were to test if D-fagomine, an iminosugar that reduces body weight gain, can delay the appearance of a fat-induced prediabetic state in a rat model and to explore possible mechanisms behind its functional action. Methods and results: Wistar Kyoto rats were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with D7 fagomine (or not; for comparison) or a standard diet (controls) for 24 weeks. The variables measured were: fasting blood glucose and insulin levels; glucose tolerance; diacylglycerols as intracellular mediators of insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver and muscle; inflammation markers (plasma IL-6 and leptin, and liver and adipose tissue histology markers); eicosanoids from arachidonic acid as lipid mediators of inflammation; and the populations of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Enterobacteriales and Bifidobacteriales in feces. We found that D-fagomine reduces fat-induced impaired glucose tolerance, inflammation markers and mediators (hepatic microgranulomas and lobular inflammation, plasma IL-6, prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4) while attenuating the changes in the populations of Enterobacteriales and Bifidobacteriales. Conclusion: D-Fagomine delays the development of a fat-induced prediabetic state in rats by reducing low-grade inflammation. We suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of D-fagomine may be linked to a reduction in fat-induced overpopulation of minor gut bacteria

Influence of omega-3 PUFAs on the metabolism of proanthocyanidins in rats

Studies of the bioavailability of proanthocyanidins usually consider them independently of other dietary constituents, while there is a tendency in the field of functional foods towards the combination of different bioactive compounds in a single product. This study examined the long-term effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin on the metabolic fate of grape proanthocyanidins. For this, female adult Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed (18 weeks) with a standard diet supplemented or not with eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (1:1, 16.6 g/kg feed), proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (0.8 g/kg feed) or both. A total of 39 microbial-derived metabolites and 16 conjugated metabolites were detected by HPLC-MS/MS either in urine or in the aqueous fraction of feces. An unexpected significant increase in many proanthocyanidin metabolites in urine and feces was observed in the group supplemented with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids group as compared to the animals fed a standard diet, which contains a small amount of polyphenols. However, proanthocyanidin metabolites in rats given ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and grape seed extract did not significantly differ from those in the group supplemented only with grape seed extract. It was concluded that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids collaborate in the metabolism of polyphenols when present at low doses in the feed matrix, while the capacity of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to induce microbiota transformations when proanthocyanidins are present at high doses is not relevant compared to that of polyphenols themselves

A high-fat high-sucrose diet affects the long-term metabolic fate of grape proanthocyanidins in rats

Purpose Polyphenol metabolites are key mediators of the biological activities of polyphenols. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet on the metabolism of proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract (GSE). Methods Adult female Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed a standard (STD) or HFHS diet supplemented or not with GSE for 16 weeks. PA metabolites were determined by targeted HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Results A lower concentration of total microbial-derived PA metabolites was present in urine and the aqueous fraction of faeces in the HFHS + GSE group than in the STD + GSE group. In contrast, a tendency towards the formation of conjugated (epi)catechin metabolites in the HFHS + GSE group was observed. Conclusions These results show that a HFHS diet significantly modifies PA metabolism, probably via: (1) a shift in microbial communities not counteracted by the polyphenols themselves; and (2) an up-regulation of hepatic enzymes

Guia per a la incorporació de la perspectiva de gènere en els plans docents i les assignatures de la Universitat de Barcelona

La Universitat de Barcelona, en el seu III Pla d’igualtat, s’ha compromès a incloure i desplegar la perspectiva de gènere en tots els seus àmbits d’actuació. Un dels eixos que estructuren aquest pla (concretament, l’eix 4) està dedicat a la perspectiva de gènere en la docència. La Comissió d’Igualtat, el Vicerectorat de Política Docent, el Vicerectorat de Política Acadèmica i Qualitat, el Vicerectorat d’Igualtat i Gènere i la Unitat d’Igualtat volem facilitar-vos la tasca d’incorporar la perspectiva de gènere a totes les assignatures. Us proposem d’avançar cap a una UB més inclusiva començant pels plans docents, tal com preveu la legislació vigent. Aquesta proposta s’anirà acompanyant, al llarg del curs, d’accions de formació i d’altres materials que esperem que us siguin útils

A high-fat high-sucrose diet affects the long-term metabolic fate of grape proanthocyanidins in rats

[Purpose]: Polyphenol metabolites are key mediators of the biological activities of polyphenols. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet on the metabolism of proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract (GSE). [Methods]: Adult female Wistar–Kyoto rats were fed a standard (STD) or HFHS diet supplemented or not with GSE for 16 weeks. PA metabolites were determined by targeted HPLC–MS/MS analysis. [Results]: A lower concentration of total microbial-derived PA metabolites was present in urine and the aqueous fraction of faeces in the HFHS + GSE group than in the STD + GSE group. In contrast, a tendency towards the formation of conjugated (epi)catechin metabolites in the HFHS + GSE group was observed. [Conclusions]: These results show that a HFHS diet significantly modifies PA metabolism, probably via: (1) a shift in microbial communities not counteracted by the polyphenols themselves; and (2) an up-regulation of hepatic enzymes.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grants: AGL2009-12374-C03-01, -02 and -03; and AGL2013-49079-C2-1, 2 and -R, and through a doctoral fellowship to L.M.). The Panamanian Government (SENACYT/IFARHU) awarded a graduate fellowship to E.M.-T. The ISCIII is acknowledged for a “Sara Borrell” postdoctoral contract to J.P.-J. (CD09/00068).Peer Reviewe

The combined action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and grape proanthocyanidins on a rat model of diet-induced metabolic alterations

8 pages, 3 figuresIt has been suggested that food components such as ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and (poly)phenols counteract diet-induced metabolic alterations by common or complementary mechanisms. To examine the effects of a combination of ω-3 PUFAs and (poly)phenols on such alterations, adult Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed an obesogenic high-fat high-sucrose diet supplemented, or not, for 24 weeks with: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1 : 1 (16.6 g kg(-1) feed); proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE, 0.8 g kg(-1) feed); or EPA/DHA 1 : 1 + GSE. Body weight, feed intake, and plasma glucose were evaluated every 6 weeks, while adipose tissue weight, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated at the end of the experiment. ω-3 PUFAs reduced plasma leptin and cholesterol levels, but did not modify diet-induced perigonadal fat or plasma insulin levels; while GSE increased plasma triglyceride levels. The combined action of ω-3 PUFAs and the proanthocyanidins reduced plasma insulin and leptin, as well as partially prevented perigonadal fat accumulation. While separate supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs or grape proanthocyanidins may not counteract all the key metabolic changes induced by a high-energy-dense diet, the combination of both supplements reverts altered insulin, leptin and triglyceride levels to normal.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (through grants AGL2009-12374-C03-01, -02 and -03; and AGL2013-49079-C2-1,2-R). The Panamanian Government (SENACYT/IFRHU) and Spanish Research Council (CSIC) awarded graduate fellowships to E. M.-T. and G. D., respectively. The ISCIII is acknowledged for a “Sara Borrell” postdoctoral contract to J. P.-J. (CD09/00068).Peer reviewe