Protein trafficking, ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane physics impact recombinant protein secretion in Pichia pastoris

Background: The increasing availability of 'omics' databases provide important platforms for yeast engineering strategies since they offer a lot of information on the physiology of the cells under diverse growth conditions, including environmental stresses. Notably, only a few of these approaches have considered a performance under recombinant protein production conditions. Recently, we have identified a beneficial effect of low oxygen availability on the expression of a human Fab fragment in Pichia pastoris. Transcriptional analysis and data mining allowed for the selection of potential targets for strain improvement. A first selection of these candidates has been evaluated as recombinant protein secretion enhancers. Results: Based on previous transcriptomics analyses, we selected 8 genes for co-expression in the P. pastoris strain already secreting a recombinant Fab fragment. Notably, WSC4 (which is involved in trafficking through the ER) has been identified as a novel potential target gene for strain improvement, with up to a 1.2-fold increase of product yield in shake flask cultures. A further transcriptomics-based strategy to modify the yeast secretion system was focused on the ergosterol pathway, an aerobic process strongly affected by oxygen depletion. By specifically partially inhibiting ergosterol synthesis with the antifungal agent fluconazole (inhibiting Erg11p), we tried to mimic the hypoxic conditions, in which the cellular ergosterol content was significantly decreased. This strategy led to an improved Fab yield (2-fold) without impairing cellular growth. Since ergosterol shortage provokes alterations in the plasma membrane composition, an important role of this cellular structure in protein secretion is suggested. This hypothesis was additionally supported by the fact that the addition of non-ionic surfactants also enhanced Fab secretion. Conclusions: The current study presents a systems biotechnology-based strategy for the engineering of the industrially important yeast P. pastoris combining the use of host specific DNA microarray technologies and physiological studies under well defined environmental conditions. Such studies allowed for the identification of novel targets related with protein trafficking and ergosterol biosynthesis for improved recombinant protein production. Nevertheless, further studies will be required to elucidate the precise mechanisms whereby membrane biogenesis and composition impact on protein secretion in P. pastoris

Pichia production host engineering by systemic host changes

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Unfolded protein response biosensors for recombinant protein expression

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A step forward to improve recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris : from specific growth rate effect on protein secretion to carbon-starving conditions as advanced strategy

The recombinant protein production platform based on the GAP promoter and Pichia pastoris as a host has become a very promising system from an industrial point of view. The need for highly productive bioprocesses gives grounds for the optimization of fermentation strategies maximizing yields and/or productivities, which are often associated with cell growth. Coherent with previous studies, a positive effect of high specific growth rate (μ) on the productivity was observed in carbon-limited chemostat cultivations secreting an antibody fragment. Notably, no significant impact of this factor could be observed in the balance intra- and extracellular of the product. Accordingly, fed-batch cultures operating at a constant high μ were conducted. Furthermore, short carbon-starving periods were introduced along the exponential substrate feeding phase. Strikingly, it was observed an important increase of specific production rate (qP) during such short carbon-starving periods in relation to the exponential substrate feeding intervals. Therefore, the application of carbon-starving periods as an innovative operational strategy was proposed, resulting into increments up to 50% of both yields and total production. The implementation of the proposed substrate feeding profiles should be complementary to cell engineering strategies to improve the relation qP vs μ, thereby enhancing the overall bioprocess efficiency

Comprehensive clone screening and evaluation of fed-batch strategies in a microbioreactor and lab scale stirred tank bioreactor system : application on Pichia pastoris producing Rhizopus oryzae lipase

Background: In Pichia pastoris bioprocess engineering, classic approaches for clone selection and bioprocess optimization at small/micro scale using the promoter of the alcohol oxidase 1 gene (PAOX1), induced by methanol, present low reproducibility leading to high time and resource consumption. - Results: An automated microfermentation platform (RoboLector) was successfully tested to overcome the chronic problems of clone selection and optimization of fed-batch strategies. Different clones from Mut+P. pastoris phenotype strains expressing heterologous Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL), including a subset also overexpressing the transcription factor HAC1, were tested to select the most promising clones. The RoboLector showed high performance for the selection and optimization of cultivation media with minimal cost and time. Syn6 medium was better than conventional YNB medium in terms of production of heterologous protein. The RoboLector microbioreactor was also tested for different fed-batch strategies with three clones producing different lipase levels. Two mixed substrates fed-batch strategies were evaluated. The first strategy was the enzymatic release of glucose from a soluble glucose polymer by a glucosidase, and methanol addition every 24 hours. The second strategy used glycerol as co-substrate jointly with methanol at two different feeding rates. The implementation of these simple fed-batch strategies increased the levels of lipolytic activity 80-fold compared to classical batch strategies used in clone selection. Thus, these strategies minimize the risk of errors in the clone selection and increase the detection level of the desired product. Finally, the performance of two fed-batch strategies was compared for lipase production between the RoboLector microbioreactor and 5 liter stirred tank bioreactor for three selected clones. In both scales, the same clone ranking was achieved. - Conclusion: The RoboLector showed excellent performance in clone selection of P. pastoris Mut+ phenotype. The use of fed-batch strategies using mixed substrate feeds resulted in increased biomass and lipolytic activity. The automated processing of fed-batch strategies by the RoboLector considerably facilitates the operation of fermentation processes, while reducing error-prone clone selection by increasing product titers.The scale-up from microbioreactor to lab scale stirred tank bioreactor showed an excellent correlation, validating the use of microbioreactor as a powerful tool for evaluating fed-batch operational strategies

The effect of hypoxia on the lipidome of recombinant Pichia pastoris

Cultivation of recombinant Pichia pastoris (Komagataella sp.) under hypoxic conditions has a strong positive effect on specific productivity when the glycolytic GAP promoter is used for recombinant protein expression, mainly due to upregulation of glycolytic conditions. In addition, transcriptomic analyses of hypoxic P. pastoris pointed out important regulation of lipid metabolism and unfolded protein response (UPR). Notably, UPR that plays a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and protein secretion, was found to be upregulated under hypoxia. To improve our understanding of the interplay between lipid metabolism, UPR and protein secretion, the lipidome of a P. pastoris strain producing an antibody fragment was studied under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, lipid composition analyses were combined with previously available transcriptomic datasets to further understand the impact of hypoxia on lipid metabolism. Chemostat cultures operated under glucose-limiting conditions under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were analyzed in terms of intra/extracellular product distribution and lipid composition. Integrated analysis of lipidome and transcriptome datasets allowed us to demonstrate an important remodeling of the lipid metabolism under limited oxygen availability. Additionally, cells with reduced amounts of ergosterol through fluconazole treatment were also included in the study to observe the impact on protein secretion and its lipid composition. Our results show that cells adjust their membrane composition in response to oxygen limitation mainly by changing their sterol and sphingolipid composition. Although fluconazole treatment results a different lipidome profile than hypoxia, both conditions result in higher recombinant protein secretion levels. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0699-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

El uso de las políticas sociales por las mujeres inmigrantes

Este estudio indaga la situación de las mujeres inmigrantes en España, así como el uso que hacen de las políticas y servicios sociales con el fin de poder establecer si éstas son adecuadas y contribuyen al incremento de su bienestar. También analizan entre otras cosas cómo se desenvuelven en las cuestiones de conciliación familia-trabajo, cómo buscan trabajo y vivienda..Contiene datos estadísticos

Lipidomics studies of recombinant Pichia pastoris for improved recombinant protein secretion through cell engineering

L’ús cada cop més extensiu de plataformes “òmiques” per a l’estudi de llevats ha generat grans quantitats d’informació relativa a la fisiologia cel·lular sota diferents condicions de cultiu, la qual pot ser utilitzada per al desenvolupament de noves estratègies d’enginyeria genètica. S’ha observat que els nivells d’expressió d’un fragment d’anticòs humà produït en el llevat metilotròfic Pichia pastoris augmenten significativament quan aquest és cultivat en nivells de baixa disponibilitat d’oxigen. Anàlisis transcriptòmics mostren que hi ha una regulació important dels gens involucrats en el metabolisme de lípids i la resposta al mal plegament de proteïnes (UPR), destacant la l’augment de transcrits provinents de gens involucrats en les rutes de biosíntesi de l’ergosterol i esfingolípids. A més, s’ha observat que la presència en el medi de cultiu de fluconazol, un agent antifúngic que inhibeix específicament l’activitat de la esterol C14α-demetilasa (Erg11p) en la ruta de biosíntesi de l’ergosterol, resulta en una disminució dels nivells d’ergosterol en les membranes cel·lulars, millorant els nivells de proteïna recombinant secretada al medi de cultiu. Finalment, el factor de transcripció Hac1, amb un paper important en la regulació de la UPR, també es troba involucrat en la regulació de la síntesi de lípids. En el present estudi, la soca de referència, P. pastoris que produeix el fragment d’anticòs 2F5 de manera recombinant, s’ha modificat genèticament per tal de canviar la seva composició lipídica. S’ha generat una bateria de soques que presenten alguns gens de la ruta de biosíntesi d’esfingolípids delecionats (DES1, SUR2), o bé sobreexpressats (DES1). Al mateix temps, s’ha alterat la ruta de síntesi de l’ergosterol de la soca de referència mitjançant la sobreexpressió del gen ERG11 o tractant les cèl·lules amb fluconazol. Finalment, també es va sobreexpressar HAC1. Les cèl·lules es van cultivar en cultius en continu sota condicions d’oxigen normals (normoxia), i baixos (hipòxia), i les soques van ser caracteritzades en quant a nivells de Fab produïts, la seva distribució intra/extracel·lular, morfologia a partir d’estudis de microscòpia electrònica (TEM), i el seu contingut lipídic, quantificant els nivells d’àcids grassos, fosfolípids, esterols, lípids neutres i esfingolípids. Amb tota aquesta informació es pretén comprendre com les cèl·lules s’adapten a canvis genètics i ambientals a través de canvis en el seu contingut lipídic. Els resultats obtinguts s’han combinat amb informació transcriptòmica prèviament publicada, demostrant que existeix una important remodelació del metabolisme lipídic quan les cèl·lules es troben en condicions d’hipòxia.The increasing availability of omics databases provides an important knowledge base for the design of novel yeast engineering strategies, since they offer systems-level information on the physiology of the cells under diverse growth conditions and genetic backgrounds. In a previous study, a beneficial effect of low oxygen availability on the expression of a human Fab fragment in Pichia pastoris has been identified. Transcriptomic analyses pointed out important regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and lipid metabolism, with a significant transcriptional up-regulation of ergosterol and sphingolipid biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, cells cultured in the presence of fluconazole, an antifungal agent that inhibits sterol C14α-demethylase (Erg11p) activity in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, showed a reduced amount of ergosterol in the plasma membrane, resulting in increased protein secretion levels. Moreover, it is known that the transcription factor Hac1, which plays a key role by regulating the UPR, regulates lipid biosynthesis In the present study, a reference strain of P. pastoris secreting the 2F5 Fab antibody fragment as a model recombinant protein was genetically modified in order to change its lipid composition. A set of strains harbouring either deleted (DES1, SUR2) or overexpressed (DES1) genes of the sphingolipid pathway were generated. In addition, a Fab producing strain overexpressing HAC1 or ERG11 were constructed and, as an alternative to the ergosterol pathway knockout, the reference strain was treated with fluconazole. The series of strains were cultivated in chemostat cultures under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Strains were characterised in terms of Fab- productivity, intra/extracellular product distribution, cell morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and lipid content in terms of phospholipids, fatty acids, sterols, non-polar lipids and sphingolipids, in order to fully understand how cells adapt to genetic and environmental changes involving lipid changes. The obtained results were combined with previously published transcriptional data, allowing us to demonstrate an important remodelling of the lipid metabolism under limited oxygen availability

Protein trafficking, ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane physics impact recombinant protein secretion in Pichia pastoris

Background: The increasing availability of 'omics' databases provide important platforms for yeast engineering strategies since they offer a lot of information on the physiology of the cells under diverse growth conditions, including environmental stresses. Notably, only a few of these approaches have considered a performance under recombinant protein production conditions. Recently, we have identified a beneficial effect of low oxygen availability on the expression of a human Fab fragment in Pichia pastoris. Transcriptional analysis and data mining allowed for the selection of potential targets for strain improvement. A first selection of these candidates has been evaluated as recombinant protein secretion enhancers. Results: Based on previous transcriptomics analyses, we selected 8 genes for co-expression in the P. pastoris strain already secreting a recombinant Fab fragment. Notably, WSC4 (which is involved in trafficking through the ER) has been identified as a novel potential target gene for strain improvement, with up to a 1.2-fold increase of product yield in shake flask cultures. A further transcriptomics-based strategy to modify the yeast secretion system was focused on the ergosterol pathway, an aerobic process strongly affected by oxygen depletion. By specifically partially inhibiting ergosterol synthesis with the antifungal agent fluconazole (inhibiting Erg11p), we tried to mimic the hypoxic conditions, in which the cellular ergosterol content was significantly decreased. This strategy led to an improved Fab yield (2-fold) without impairing cellular growth. Since ergosterol shortage provokes alterations in the plasma membrane composition, an important role of this cellular structure in protein secretion is suggested. This hypothesis was additionally supported by the fact that the addition of non-ionic surfactants also enhanced Fab secretion. Conclusions: The current study presents a systems biotechnology-based strategy for the engineering of the industrially important yeast P. pastoris combining the use of host specific DNA microarray technologies and physiological studies under well defined environmental conditions. Such studies allowed for the identification of novel targets related with protein trafficking and ergosterol biosynthesis for improved recombinant protein production. Nevertheless, further studies will be required to elucidate the precise mechanisms whereby membrane biogenesis and composition impact on protein secretion in P. pastoris

Lipidomics studies of recombinant Pichia pastoris for improved recombinant protein secretion through cell engineering

L'ús cada cop més extensiu de plataformes "òmiques" per a l'estudi de llevats ha generat grans quantitats d'informació relativa a la fisiologia cel·lular sota diferents condicions de cultiu, la qual pot ser utilitzada per al desenvolupament de noves estratègies d'enginyeria genètica. S'ha observat que els nivells d'expressió d'un fragment d'anticòs humà produït en el llevat metilotròfic Pichia pastoris augmenten significativament quan aquest és cultivat en nivells de baixa disponibilitat d'oxigen. Anàlisis transcriptòmics mostren que hi ha una regulació important dels gens involucrats en el metabolisme de lípids i la resposta al mal plegament de proteïnes (UPR), destacant la l'augment de transcrits provinents de gens involucrats en les rutes de biosíntesi de l'ergosterol i esfingolípids. A més, s'ha observat que la presència en el medi de cultiu de fluconazol, un agent antifúngic que inhibeix específicament l'activitat de la esterol C14α-demetilasa (Erg11p) en la ruta de biosíntesi de l'ergosterol, resulta en una disminució dels nivells d'ergosterol en les membranes cel·lulars, millorant els nivells de proteïna recombinant secretada al medi de cultiu. Finalment, el factor de transcripció Hac1, amb un paper important en la regulació de la UPR, també es troba involucrat en la regulació de la síntesi de lípids. En el present estudi, la soca de referència, P. pastoris que produeix el fragment d'anticòs 2F5 de manera recombinant, s'ha modificat genèticament per tal de canviar la seva composició lipídica. S'ha generat una bateria de soques que presenten alguns gens de la ruta de biosíntesi d'esfingolípids delecionats (DES1, SUR2), o bé sobreexpressats (DES1). Al mateix temps, s'ha alterat la ruta de síntesi de l'ergosterol de la soca de referència mitjançant la sobreexpressió del gen ERG11 o tractant les cèl·lules amb fluconazol. Finalment, també es va sobreexpressar HAC1. Les cèl·lules es van cultivar en cultius en continu sota condicions d'oxigen normals (normoxia), i baixos (hipòxia), i les soques van ser caracteritzades en quant a nivells de Fab produïts, la seva distribució intra/extracel·lular, morfologia a partir d'estudis de microscòpia electrònica (TEM), i el seu contingut lipídic, quantificant els nivells d'àcids grassos, fosfolípids, esterols, lípids neutres i esfingolípids. Amb tota aquesta informació es pretén comprendre com les cèl·lules s'adapten a canvis genètics i ambientals a través de canvis en el seu contingut lipídic. Els resultats obtinguts s'han combinat amb informació transcriptòmica prèviament publicada, demostrant que existeix una important remodelació del metabolisme lipídic quan les cèl·lules es troben en condicions d'hipòxia.The increasing availability of omics databases provides an important knowledge base for the design of novel yeast engineering strategies, since they offer systems-level information on the physiology of the cells under diverse growth conditions and genetic backgrounds. In a previous study, a beneficial effect of low oxygen availability on the expression of a human Fab fragment in Pichia pastoris has been identified. Transcriptomic analyses pointed out important regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and lipid metabolism, with a significant transcriptional up-regulation of ergosterol and sphingolipid biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, cells cultured in the presence of fluconazole, an antifungal agent that inhibits sterol C14α-demethylase (Erg11p) activity in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, showed a reduced amount of ergosterol in the plasma membrane, resulting in increased protein secretion levels. Moreover, it is known that the transcription factor Hac1, which plays a key role by regulating the UPR, regulates lipid biosynthesis In the present study, a reference strain of P. pastoris secreting the 2F5 Fab antibody fragment as a model recombinant protein was genetically modified in order to change its lipid composition. A set of strains harbouring either deleted (DES1, SUR2) or overexpressed (DES1) genes of the sphingolipid pathway were generated. In addition, a Fab producing strain overexpressing HAC1 or ERG11 were constructed and, as an alternative to the ergosterol pathway knockout, the reference strain was treated with fluconazole. The series of strains were cultivated in chemostat cultures under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Strains were characterised in terms of Fab- productivity, intra/extracellular product distribution, cell morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and lipid content in terms of phospholipids, fatty acids, sterols, non-polar lipids and sphingolipids, in order to fully understand how cells adapt to genetic and environmental changes involving lipid changes. The obtained results were combined with previously published transcriptional data, allowing us to demonstrate an important remodelling of the lipid metabolism under limited oxygen availability