ESTADO ACTUAL DE LOS ESTUDIOS DE LA FLORA EN LA CORDILLERA DEL CÓNDOR Y ÁREAS ADYACENTES EN EL PERÚ, 2006

La Cordillera del Cóndor presenta alrededor de 150 km de norte al sur, con una elevación máxima de ca. 2900 m, ubicada en la frontera internacional entre Perú y Ecuador. Se encuentra en zonas de difícil acceso y las exploraciones botánicas en fase preliminar. Forma parte de la cadena discontinua de las Cordilleras Subandinas, al este de los Andes, que se extiende hacia el norte en Ecuador (cordilleras de Galeras y Cutucú) y hacia el Sur en Perú (Cordilleras Huarango, Azul, Yanachaga y otras). Estas cordilleras tienen en común ciertas características geológicas -compuestas principalmente de sedimentos terciarios y mesozoicos de rocas areniscas y calizas, con intrusiones de rocas ígneas- y florísticas endémicas solo comparable con los tepuis de los Altos de Guyana de Venezuela, un típico patrón de disyunción.En la parte peruana de la Cordillera del Cóndor, se conocen diversos estudios taxonómicos y florísticos aislados que implican especies de la región, sin embargo no existe un estudio integral de la Flora. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer el estado Actual de la Flora en la Cordillera del Cóndor y Áreas adyacentes en la parte del Perú, 2006.Actualmente se tiene una versión preliminar de ca. 6,000 registros botánicos de las Provincias Condorcanqui (Dpto. Amazonas) y San Ignacio (Dpto. Cajamarca), obtenidos en un esfuerzo conjunto entre el Herbarium Truxillense (HUT) y el Herbario del Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) en el marco del Proyecto Flora del Perú entre 1995 y 2006, así como de datos parciales de Beltrán & Foster (1994) y otros colectores. El catálogo preliminar presenta 167 familias, 694 géneros y 1382 especies. Se enfatiza que a partir de la publicación de Ulloa Ulloa y col. (2004) y Smith y col. (2005), existen 7 especies nuevas, 4 cambios taxonómicos y 86 registros nuevos para el país. El material se encuentra registrado y depositado en los siguientes herbarios: F, HUT, MO y USM (acrónimos en Holmgren y col., 1990).Palabras clave: Estado actual, Flora, Cordillera del Cóndor, Perú.ABSTRACTThe Cordillera del Condor has around 150 km from north to south, with a maximum elevation of ca. 2900 m, located at the international border between Peru and Ecuador. It is found in areas of difficult access and botanical explorations in preliminary phase. This cordillera is part of the discontinued chain of the Subandean Cordilleras, located east of the Andes, which extends northward into Ecuador (Cordilleras Cutucu and Galeras) and south in Peru (Cordilleras Huarango, Azul, Yanachaga and others). These cordilleras have in common certain geological features -composed mainly of tertiary and Mesozoic sediments of sandstone and limestone rocks, with igneous intrusions- and floristic endemic only comparable with tepuis from the Guyana Highlands of Venezuela, a typical pattern of separation. In the Peruvian side of the Cordillera del Condor, are known various taxonomic and floristic studies involving isolated species of the region, however there is no comprehensive study of the Flora. The aim of this paper is to present the current state of the Flora in the Cordillera del Condor and the adjacent areas of Peru, 2006. Nowadays there is a preliminary version of ca. 6,000 botanical records from Provinces Condorcanqui  (Amazonas department) and San Ignacio (Cajamarca department), obtained in a joint effort between Herbarium Truxillense (HUT) and the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium (MO) under the Flora of Peru Project between 1995 and 2006 and partial data Beltran & Foster (1994) and other collectors. The preliminary list has 167 families, 694 genera and 1382 species. It is emphasized that after the publication of Ulloa Ulloa et al. (2004) and Smith et al. (2005), there are 7 new species, 4 taxonomic changes and 86 new records for the country. The material is recorded and deposited in the following herbaria: F, HUT, MO, and USM (acronyms in Holmgren et al., 1990).Keywords: Present state, Flora, Cordillera del Condor, Peru

Variabilidad genética, especies crípticas y filogenia moleculae en hongos liquenizados del género "Parmelina" (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, leída el 12-07-2013Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y BotánicaFac. de FarmaciaTRUEunpu

Biogeography and Genetic Structure in Populations of a Widespread Lichen (<i>Parmelina tiliacea</i>, <i>Parmeliaceae</i>, <i>Ascomycota</i>)

<div><p>The genetic diversity and population structure of the foliose lichenized fungus <i>Parmelina tiliacea</i> has been analyzed through its geographical range, including samples from Macaronesia (Canary Islands), the Mediterranean, and Eurosiberia. DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA gene, and the translation elongation factor 1-α were used as molecular markers. The haplotypes of the three markers and the molecular variance analyses of multilocus haplotypes showed the highest diversity in the Canary Islands, while restricted haplotypes occurred at high frequencies in Mediterranean coastal samples. The multilocus haplotypes formed three unevenly distributed clusters (clusters 1-3). In the Canary Islands all the haplotypes were present in a similar proportion, while the coastal Mediterranean sites had almost exclusively haplotypes of cluster 3; cluster 2 predominated in inland Mediterranean sites; and cluster 1 was more abundant in central and northern Europe (Eurosiberian area). The distribution of clusters is partially explained by climatic factors, and its interaction with local spatial structure, but much of the variation remains unexplained. The high frequency of individuals in the Canary Islands with haplotypes shared with other areas suggests that could be a refugium of genetic diversity, and the high frequency of individuals of the Mediterranean coastal sites with restricted haplotypes indicates that gene flow to contiguous areas may be restricted. This is significant for the selection of areas for conservation purposes, as those with most genetic variation may reflect historical factors and biological properties of the species.</p></div

Inferred ancestry of individuals of <i>Parmelina tiliacea</i> from each site grouped by geographical areas.

<p>Collection sites numbered as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126981#pone.0126981.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>. Each individual is represented by a single vertical line, broken into colored segments with lengths proportional to each of the three inferred clusters. Admixed individuals marked with an asterisk.</p

Median joining networks of three fungal markers.

<p>Pie charts numbered with haplotype codes as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126981#pone.0126981.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>, proportional in size to the number of samples containing this haplotype, and colored according to the geographical area. Small numbers on lines indicate branch lengths.</p

Distribution of the clusters at each site.

<p>Proportion of membership of each site in the three clusters inferred by Structure. Collection sites numbered as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126981#pone.0126981.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>. Localities where only one individual was studied are marked with an asterisk.</p

Isolation by distance plot.

<p>Scatterplots of local densities of Rogers genetic distances of MLHs against pairwise geographical distances of the sites. A) Including all samples per site, adjusted R² = 0.01193, p < 0.001; and B) excluding redundant haplotypes per site, adjusted R² = 0.00945, p < 0.001.</p

Moran’s I index of the cluster structure of <i>Parmelina tiliacea</i>.

<p>Moran’s I index of the cluster structure of <i>Parmelina tiliacea</i>.</p

Ocean crossers: A tale of disjunctions and speciation in the dwarf-fruticose Lichina (lichenized Ascomycota)

Lichens thrive in rocky coastal areas in temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres. Species of the genus Lichina, which form characteristic black fruiting thalli associated with cyanobacteria, often create distinguishable bands in the intertidal and supralittoral zones. The present study uses a comprehensive specimen dataset and four gene loci to (1) delineate and discuss species boundaries in this genus, (2) assess evolutionary relationships among species, and (3) infer the most likely causes of their current geographic distribution in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. A dated phylogeny describes the time frame in which extant disjunctions of species and populations were established. The results showed that the genus is integrated by four species, with Lichina pygmaea, L. confinis and the newly described L. canariensis from rocky seashores in the Canary Islands, occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas L. intermedia is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Lichina intermedia hosted a much higher intraspecific genetic diversity than the other species, with subclades interpreted as specieslevel lineages by the different species delimitation approaches. However, a conservative taxonomic approach was adopted. This species showed a striking disjunct distribution between Australasia and southern South America. The timing for the observed interspecific and intraspecific divergences and population disjunctions postdated continental plate movements, suggesting that long-distance dispersal across body waters in the two hemispheres played a major role in shaping the current species distributions. Such ocean crossings were, as in L. canariensis, followed by speciation. New substitution rates for the nrITS of the genus Lichina were inferred using a tree spanning the major Ascomycota lineages calibrated using fossils. In conclusion, this work lays the foundation for a better understanding of the evolution through time and space of maritime lichens.Funding for this study was supported by the grant RYC-2014–16784. IG-B was partially supported by the Programa Operativo de Empleo Juvenil y la Iniciativa de Empleo Juvenil (YEI) de la Comunidad de Madrid (CAMD_MAD_RJB_001). SP-O was supported by a ‘Ramón y Cajal’ contract (RYC-2014–16784) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. AdR was supported by CTM2015-64728- C2-2-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE), and partly by grant CTM2017-84441-R.Peer reviewe

Reference-based restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing data are useful for species delineation in a recently diverged asexually reproducing species complex (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

2023 Descuento MDPICryptic species are common in lichen-forming fungi and have been reported from different genera in the most speciose family, Parmeliaceae. Herein, we address species delimitation in a group of mainly asexually reproducing Parmelina species. The morphologically distinct P. pastillifera was previously found nested within a morphologically circumscribed P. tiliacea based on several loci. However, these studies demonstrated a relatively high genetic diversity within P. tiliacea sensu lato. Here, we revisit the species delimitation in the group by analyzing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through genome-wide assessment using Restriction-Site-Associated sequencing and population genomic methods. Our data support previous studies and provide further insight into the phylogenetic relationships of the four clades found within the complex. Based on the evidence suggesting a lack of gene flow among the clades, we recognize the four clades as distinct species, P. pastillifera and P. tiliacea sensu stricto, and two new species, P. clandestina sp. nov. and P. mediterranea sp. nov.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)Fundación NegauneeFundación GraingerDepto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y BotánicaFac. de FarmaciaTRUEpubDescuento UC