Quantification of training load during one-, two- and three-game week schedules in professional soccer players from the English Premier League: implications for carbohydrate periodisation.

Muscle glycogen is the predominant energy source for soccer match play, though its importance for soccer training (where lower loads are observed) is not well known. In an attempt to better inform carbohydrate (CHO) guidelines, we quantified training load in English Premier League soccer players (n = 12) during a one-, two- and three-game week schedule (weekly training frequency was four, four and two, respectively). In a one-game week, training load was progressively reduced (P 14.4 km · h(-1) (14%, 18% and 23% in the one-, two- and three-game weeks, respectively). Considering that high CHO availability improves physical match performance but high CHO availability attenuates molecular pathways regulating training adaptation (especially considering the low daily customary loads reported here, e.g., 3-5 km per day), we suggest daily CHO intake should be periodised according to weekly training and match schedules

Energy Resolution Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The energy resolution performance of the CMS lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Measurements were made with an electron beam using a fully equipped supermodule of the calorimeter barrel. Results are given both for electrons incident on the centre of crystals and for electrons distributed uniformly over the calorimeter surface. The electron energy is reconstructed in matrices of 3 times 3 or 5 times 5 crystals centred on the crystal containing the maximum energy. Corrections for variations in the shower containment are applied in the case of uniform incidence. The resolution measured is consistent with the design goals

Magnetite grain shape fabric and distribution anisotropy vs rock magnetic fabric: a three-dimensional case study

International audienc

Cyclo-oxygenase isoenzymes. How recent findings affect thinking about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

International audienceThe discovery of at least 2 cyclo-oxygenase (COX) isoenzymes, referred to as COX-1 and COX-2, has updated our knowledge of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This has lead investigators to reconsider what can be awaited from this class of drugs. The 2 COX isoenzymes share structural and enzymatic similarities, but are specifically regulated at the molecular level and may be distinguished apart in their functions, although some physiological overlap between them does occur. The major goal in developing selective COX inhibitors is to improve NSAID tolerability. Classic NSAIDs preferentially inhibit COX-1 in vitro, but it appears hazardous to judge their gastrointestinal (GI) safety profile from these data. New compounds with a high selectivity for COX-2, especially those that are non-acidic, may be better tolerated in the GI tract. While these compounds also might have a potential use in various diseases such as colorectal cancer and neurodegenerative diseases of the Alzheimer type, the possible appearance of adverse effects, perhaps renally-related, must be taken into consideration. Finally, well-designed large clinical trials are required to adequately estimate both the promising therapeutic advantages that may be offered by highly selective NSAIDs, and the potential drawbacks that may be inherent with prolonged COX-2 inhibition

A late Neoproterozoic paleomagnetic pole for the Congo craton: Tectonic setting, paleomagnetism and geochronology of the Nola dike swarm (Central African Republic)

International audienceNew structural, geochronological and paleomagnetic data were obtained on dolerite dikes of the Nola region (Central African Republic) at the northern border of the Congo craton. In this region metavolcanic, successions were thrust southward onto the craton during the Panafrican orogenic events. Our structural data reveal at least two structural klippes south of the present-day limits of the Panafrican nappe suggesting that it has once covered the whole Nola region, promoting the pervasive hydrothermal green-schist metamorphism observed in the underlying cratonic basement and also in the intrusive dolerite dikes. Paleomagnetic measurements revealed a stable dual-polarity low-inclination magnetization component in nine dikes (47 samples), carried by pyrrhotite and magnetite. This component corresponds to a paleopole at 304.8 degrees E and 61.8 degrees S (dp = 5.4, dm = 10.7) graded at 2 = 6. Both metamorphism and magnetic resetting were dated by the Ar-40/Ar-39 method on amphibole grains separated from the dikes at 571 +/- 6 Ma. The Nola pole is the first well-dated paleomagnetic pole for the Congo craton between 580 and 550 Ma. It marks a sudden change in direction of the Congo craton apparent polar wander path at the waning stages of the Panafrican orogenic events

Coastal flood protection systems – concepts and analysis

Storm Xynthia, which hit French coasts on February 28th, 2010, flooded vast territories despite coastal defences. This disaster highlighted the need of studying the behaviour of our coastal flood protection systems at an adapted geographical scale and by taking into account the kinematics of the events. The research project led by Cerema has made significant breakthroughs in the knowledge of mechanisms governing the flooding and in strategies and methods dedicated to their analysis and their representation. The developed methodology was successfully tested on four sites submerged during Xynthia (Loix, Les Boucholeurs and Boyardville in Charente-Maritime, Batz-sur-mer in Loire-Atlantique). It is intented to guide the diagnosis of sites prone to marine flood, since the first investigations until the delivery of study reports

2000): Sharing the Tools of the Trade: The Interactional Constitution ofWorkplace Objects

projects concerned with objects, workplace interac-tion, and collaborative virtual reality. CHRISTIAN HEATH, Ph.D., is a professor at King’s College London, currently involved in a number of research projects concerned with social interaction, work, and technology in areas such as medicine, transport, the news media, telecommunications, and museums and galleries. “... object-focused discus-sions ‘knit together’ disparate tasks and work in the organization, providing a momentary hub through which divisions of labor and courses of action are managed and coordinated.