The European Union as a normative non-proliferation actor : "Normative Power Europe" and the case of India

In the recent years, the EU has become an increasingly integrated foreign policy actor. On this note, a growing body of scholarly research on the EU's foreign policy actions can be observed. Particularly Ian Manners' notion of 'Normative Power Europe' has led to a new strand of theorising on the EU's foreign policy actions. Manners states that while the EU is one foreign policy actor among others, it is not only very different in its institutional arrangement, but also does it account for different foreign policy goals than traditional state actors. The EU namely pursues 'normative goals' which aim to alter the international political environment, instead of economically defined 'possession goals'. Due to the fact that Manners utilises case-study methodology in order to prove the concept of 'Normative Power Europe', further case studies in various foreign policy fields lend themselves to verify or falsify the theoretical claims around the concept. In accordance to this, the research of this thesis aims to test Manners' notion by conducting a case study in the policy field of non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and related material. In order to do so, firstly a theoretical subsumption of Manners' concept of 'Normative Power Europe' is conducted, which includes normative foreign policy analysis as well as role theory. By means of these theoretical tenets as an explanatory framework, the research of this thesis suggests that role conflicts within the EU's non-proliferation policy actions emerge frequently, which undermines consistent action of the EU in this policy field. This can be understood in terms of non-adherence to self-set normative foreign policy goals: The research of this thesis suggests that the EU's goals and actions in non-proliferation do not correspond sufficiently. Furthermore, in this thesis, these roleconflicts are exemplified by a case study on the EU's non-proliferation policy towards India, in which non-proliferation goals have been abandoned in favour of economically defined goals. By means of the results from the analysis of existing data and the conducted case study, Manners' theoretical notion of 'Normative Power Europe' has been refuted. Accordingly, in the light of the available data and the conducted case study, the EU cannot be regarded as a consistent normative foreign policy actor in the policy field of non-proliferation

Critical-point and coexistence-curve properties of the Lennard-Jones fluid: A finite-size scaling study

Monte Carlo simulations within the grand canonical ensemble are used to explore the liquid-vapour coexistence curve and critical point properties of the Lennard-Jones fluid. Attention is focused on the joint distribution of density and energy fluctuations at coexistence. In the vicinity of the critical point, this distribution is analysed using mixed-field finite-size scaling techniques aided by histogram reweighting methods. The analysis yields highly accurate estimates of the critical point parameters, as well as exposing the size and character of corrections to scaling. In the sub-critical coexistence region the density distribution is obtained by combining multicanonical simulations with histogram reweighting techniques. It is demonstrated that this procedure permits an efficient and accurate mapping of the coexistence curve, even deep within the two phase region.Comment: 9 Pages Revtex. 8 encapsulated ps figures as separate uuencoded, gzipped tar file. To appear in Phys. Rev. E. Full paper also available from http://moses.physik.uni-mainz.de

Critical crossover functions for simple fluids: towards the crossover modelling uniqueness

Based on a single non-universal temperature scaling factor present in a simple fluid case, a detailed analysis of non-universal parameters involved in different critical-to-classical crossover models is given. For the infinite limit of the cutoff wave number, a set of three scaling-parameters is defined for each model such that it shows all the shapes of the theoretical crossover functions overlap on the mean crossover function shapes close to the non-trivial fixed point. The analysis of corresponding links between their fluid-dependent parameters opens a route to define a parametric model of crossover equation-of-state, closely satisfying the universal features calculated from the Ising-like limit in the massive renormalization scheme

Crossover equation of state models applied to the critical behavior of Xenon

The turbidity ( τ ) measurements of Güttinger and Cannell (Phys Rev A 24:3188–3201, 1981) in the temperature range 28mK≤T−Tc≤29K along the critical isochore of homogeneous xenon are reanalyzed. The singular behaviors of the isothermal compressibility ( κT ) and the correlation length ( ξ ) predicted from the master crossover functions are introduced in the turbidity functional form derived by Puglielli and Ford (Phys Rev Lett 25:143–146, 1970). We show that the turbidity data are thus well represented by the Ornstein–Zernike approximant, within 1 % precision. We also introduce a new crossover master model (CMM) of the parametric equation of state for a simple fluid system with no adjustable parameter. The CMM model and the phenomenological crossover parametric model are compared with the turbidity data and the coexisting liquid–gas density difference ( ΔρLV ). The excellent agreement observed for τ , κT , ξ , and ΔρLV in a finite temperature range well beyond the Ising-like preasymptotic domain confirms that the Ising-like critical crossover behavior of xenon can be described in conformity with the universal features estimated by the renormalization-group methods. Only 4 critical coordinates of the vapor–liquid critical point are needed in the (pressure, temperature, molecular volume) phase surface of xenon