Rassenschande, genocide and the reproductive Jewish body: examining the use of rape and sexualized violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust

Rape and sexual violence against Jewish women is a relatively unexplored area of investigation. This article adds to the scant literature on this topic. It asks: how and why did women's reproductive bodies (gender), combined with their status as Jews (race), make them particularly vulnerable during the Holocaust? The law against Rassenschande (racial defilement) prohibited sexual relations between Aryans and non-Aryans. Yet, Jewish women were raped by German men. Providing a more nuanced account than is provided by the dehumanization thesis, this article argues that women were targeted precisely because of their Jewishness and their reproductive capabilities. In addition, this piece proposes that the genocidal attack on women's bodies in the form of rape (subsequently leading to the murder of impregnated women) and sexualized violence (forced abortions and forced sterilizations) must be interpreted as an attack on an essentialized group: woman-as-Jew

Biological aspects of the DM28C clone of Trypanosoma cruzi after metacylogenesis in chemically defined media Aspectos biológicos do clone Dm 28c de Trypanosoma cruzi após metaciclogênese em meio quimicamente definido

The biological characterization of the Trypanosoma cruzi clone Dm 28c in terms of its growth in LIT medium, cell-cycle, infectivity to mice and interaction with professional and non-professional phagocytic cells shows that it behaves as a bona fide T. cruzi representant. The biological properties of this myotropic clone do not change according to the origin of the trypomastigote forms (i. e., from triatomines, infected mice, cell-culture or from the chemically defined TAUP and TAU3AAG media). In addition Dm 28c metacyclic trypomastigotes from TAU3AAG medium display a high infectivity level to fibroblasts and muscle cells. Experiments on binding of cationized ferritin to trypomastigotes surface show the existence of cap-like structures of ferritin in regions near the kinetoplast. However the nature and role of these anionic sites remain to be determined. The results indicate that metacyclic trypomastigotes from Dm 28c clone obtained under chemically defined conditions reproduce the biological behaviour of T. cruzi, rendering this system very suitable for the study of cell-parasite interactions and for the isolation of trypanosome relevant macromolecules.<br>A caracterização biológica do clone Dm 28c de Trypanosoma cruzi em termos do seu crescimento em meio LIT, ciclo celular, infectividade para camundongos e interação com células fagocíticas profissionais e não-profissionais, mostra que o mesmo comporta-se como um fiel representante da espécie T. cruzi. As propriedades biológicas deste clone miotrópico não mudam de acordo com a proveniência das formas tripomastigotas (i. e., de triatomíneos, de camundongos infectados, de cultura celular ou dos meios quimicamente definidos TAUP e TAU3AAG). Ainda mais, formas tripomastigotas metacíclicas do clone Dm 28c derivado do meio TAU3AAG apresentam um alto grau de infectividade para fibroblastos e células de músculo. Experimentos de ligação de ferritina cationizada à superfície de tripomastigotas, mostram a existência de acúmulos ("caps") de ferritina em regiões próximas ao cinetoplasto, todavia a natureza e o papel destes sítios aniônicos resta a ser determinado. Os resultados indicam que tripomastigotas metacíclicos do clone Dm 28c, obtidos em condições quimicamente definidas, reproduzem o comportamento biológico de T.cruzi, tornando este sistema bastante apropriado para o estudo da interação célula-parasito e para o isolamento de macromoléculas relevantes

Facts and hypothesis on Trypanosoma cruzi differentiation

Submitted by sandra infurna ([email protected]) on 2016-06-28T14:55:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf: 440947 bytes, checksum: 6e6abf0f043a516f0be6309ff95cfbd3 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by sandra infurna ([email protected]) on 2016-06-28T15:07:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf: 440947 bytes, checksum: 6e6abf0f043a516f0be6309ff95cfbd3 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T15:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf: 440947 bytes, checksum: 6e6abf0f043a516f0be6309ff95cfbd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1984Submitted by Angelo Silva ([email protected]) on 2016-07-07T11:16:51Z No. of bitstreams: 3 carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf.txt: 6 bytes, checksum: 6d93d3216dc4a7f5df47d4876fbec4d3 (MD5) carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf: 440947 bytes, checksum: 6e6abf0f043a516f0be6309ff95cfbd3 (MD5) license.txt: 2991 bytes, checksum: 5a560609d32a3863062d77ff32785d58 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by sandra infurna ([email protected]) on 2016-07-07T12:15:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license.txt: 2991 bytes, checksum: 5a560609d32a3863062d77ff32785d58 (MD5) carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf: 440947 bytes, checksum: 6e6abf0f043a516f0be6309ff95cfbd3 (MD5) carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf.txt: 6 bytes, checksum: 6d93d3216dc4a7f5df47d4876fbec4d3 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T12:15:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license.txt: 2991 bytes, checksum: 5a560609d32a3863062d77ff32785d58 (MD5) carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf: 440947 bytes, checksum: 6e6abf0f043a516f0be6309ff95cfbd3 (MD5) carlos2_morel_etal_IOC_1984.pdf.txt: 6 bytes, checksum: 6d93d3216dc4a7f5df47d4876fbec4d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1984Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular.. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidad de Carabobo. Departamento de Parasitología y Microbiología. Valencia, Venezuela.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular.. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular.. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular.. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular.. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular.. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Induces a Global Host Cell Response in Cardiomyocytes ▿ † §

Chagas' disease, caused by the hemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in South and Central America. Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, the most devastating manifestation of this disease, occurs in approximately one-third of infected individuals. Events associated with the parasite's tropism for and invasion of cardiomyocytes have been the focus of intense investigation in recent years. In the present study, we use murine microarrays to investigate the cellular response caused by invasion of primary murine cardiomyocytes by T. cruzi trypomastigotes. These studies identified 353 murine genes that were differentially expressed during the early stages of invasion and infection of these cells. Genes associated with the immune response, inflammation, cytoskeleton organization, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, apoptosis, cell cycle, and oxidative stress are among those affected during the infection. Our data indicate that T. cruzi induces broad modulations of the host cell machinery in ways that provide insight into how the parasite survives, replicates, and persists in the infected host and ultimately defines the clinical outcome of the infection