Radiologists remember mountains better than radiographs, or do they?

Expertise with encoding material has been shown to aid long-term memory for that material. It is not clear how relevant this expertise is for image memorability (e.g. radiologists’ memory for radiographs), and how robust over time. In two studies we tested scene memory using a standard long-term memory paradigm. One compared the performance of radiologists to naïve observers on two image sets, chest radiographs and everyday scenes, and the other radiologists’ memory with immediate as opposed to delayed recognition test using musculoskeletal radiographs and forest scenes. Radiologists’ memory was better than novices for images of expertise but no different for everyday scenes. With heterogeneity of images sets equated, radiologists’ expertize with radiographs afforded them better memory for the musculoskeletal radiographs than forest scenes. Enhanced memory for images of expertise disappeared over time resulting in chance level performance for both image sets after weeks of delay. Expertise with the material is important for visual memorability but not to the same extent as idiosyncratic detail and variability of the image set. Similar memory decline with time for images of expertise as for every day scenes further suggests that extended familiarity with an image is not a robust factor for visual memorability

Evolution of DNA methylome from precancerous lesions to invasive lung adenocarcinomas

The evolution of DNA methylome and methylation intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) during early carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma has not been systematically studied. We perform reduced representation bisulfite sequencing of invasive lung adenocarcinoma and its precursors, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. We observe gradual increase of methylation aberrations and significantly higher level of methylation ITH in later-stage lesions. The phylogenetic patterns inferred from methylation aberrations resemble those based on somatic mutations suggesting parallel methylation and genetic evolution. De-convolution reveal higher ratio of T regulatory cells (Tregs) versus CD8 + T cells in later-stage diseases, implying progressive immunosuppression with neoplastic progression. Furthermore, increased global hypomethylation is associated with higher mutation burden, copy number variation burden and AI burden as well as higher Treg/CD8 ratio, highlighting the potential impact of methylation on chromosomal instability, mutagenesis and tumor immune microenvironment during early carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas

Immune evolution from preneoplasia to invasive lung adenocarcinomas and underlying molecular features

The mechanism by which anti-cancer immunity shapes early carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) is unknown. In this study, we characterize the immune contexture of invasive lung ADC and its precursors by transcriptomic immune profiling, T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF). Our results demonstrate that anti-tumor immunity evolved as a continuum from lung preneoplasia, to preinvasive ADC, minimally-invasive ADC and frankly invasive lung ADC with a gradually less effective and more intensively regulated immune response including down-regulation of immune-activation pathways, up-regulation of immunosuppressive pathways, lower infiltration of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and anti-tumor helper T cells (Th), higher infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs), decreased T cell clonality, and lower frequencies of top T cell clones in later-stages. Driver mutations, chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) and aberrant DNA methylation may collectively impinge host immune responses and facilitate immune evasion, promoting the outgrowth of fit subclones in preneoplasia into dominant clones in invasive ADC

La brecha digital correspondiente: obstáculos y facilitadores del uso de TIC en padres de clase media y media baja en Chile

This article summarizes the findings in Chile of an internationally comparative, qualitative study aimed to identify the reasons explaining why and how persons do appropriate information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly Internet and mobile phones. This required studying a segment of population rarely analyzed, which shows considerable pressure to engage with ICTs: middle and lower-middle class mothers and fathers of children at schooling age. This was done by means of focus groups. To put these results into context, a synthesis of quantitative data from the World Internet Project (WIP) is also presented. Both authors are related to the WIP project.Este artículo resume los hallazgos en Chile de un estudio internacional cualitativo que buscaba delinear las razones que explican por qué y cómo las personas se apropian de las TIC y las integran (o no) a su vida cotidiana. Ello implica exponer un modelo teórico que explique el uso y apropiación de tecnologías digitales de información y comunicación (TIC), en particular Internet y celulares. Para ello, se reportan los resultados de focus groups realizados con personas poco estudiadas previamente, pero sometidas a presiones sociales importantes para involucrarse con las TIC: padres y madres de niños en edad escolar de clase media y media baja. Para contextualizar los hallazgos cualitativos, se expone una síntesis de datos cuantitativos derivados del estudio World Internet Project (WIP) en el que participan los autore

¿Qué ocurre con la confianza cuando los gobiernos locales se vuelven virtuales? Explorando los determinantes de la confianza en sitios web municipales en Chile

E ste artículo explora la formación de confianza entre sitios web de gobierno local (municipales) chilenos y sus grupos de interés, así como su relación con el gobierno local real. Los resultados muestran prevalencia de la confianza en el entorno virtual, por lo que se indagan sus determinantes. El artículo se basa en metodología mixta: encuesta a usuarios de Internet en Santiago de Chile, grupos focales y entrevistas a usuarios

Circumventing Communication Blindspots and Trust Gaps in Technologically-Mediated Corporate Relationships: The Case of Chilean Business-to-Consumer E-Commerce

Trust is an essential ingredient of constructive human relationships, including economic exchanges. Blindspots are harmful omissions in strategy implementation due to reasons such as corporate inertia or management obsession in pursuing a certain vision mismatched with reality. This article outlines the main areas in which customer trust is under stress in Chilean business-to-consumer e-commerce and how e-buyers circumvent the problems that arise in those areas, from a Communications perspective. We not only discovered compensatory strategies devised by users to overcome those problems, but also some relevant corporate blindspots that should be addressed by retailers. Despite the strong growth of retail sales in emerging Latin American countries, Chilean e-commerce is relatively weak and problems of trust may be an important cause. Four areas of stress were outlined: previous perceptions about the firm, clarity and coherence of online information, personal data security, and delivery and post-sales services. Within these, inter-channel communication incoherence, lack of integration between retailers and outsourced logistics, and incoherent notions of trust emerged as the most important corporate blindspots harming the relationship with customers. On the other hand, we identified four compensatory strategies used by clients: selective auto-exposure, informal certifications, online/offline hybridization and anticipation/incorporation of other people experience