The impact of virtual reality (VR) tour experience on tourists’ intention to visit

Drawing on media richness theory, this study investigates the effect of rich media, such as virtual reality (VR), on visit intentions for a specific destination. Specifically, this research employs a mixed-method approach, using abductive theorization to explore and confirm the dimensions of the VR visit experience, notably those related to telepresence, a key concept in tourism through VR. Furthermore, the study aims to elucidate how telepresence influences mental imagery, attitudes towards tourist destinations, and actual visit intentions. To do this, qualitative data were gathered between February and June 2022 from 34 semi-structured interviews with respondents who viewed a VR video of the destination. A second study collected quantitative data from 400 participants through face-to-face questionnaires after a VR video view between June and August 2022. The findings reveal that telepresence comprises three dimensions: realism of the virtual environment, immersion, and the sense of presence in the virtual environment. Telepresence, in turn, both directly and indirectly affects actual visit intentions, with mental imagery and attitude toward tourist destinations partially mediating those relationships. This study provides methodological, theoretical, and tourism management implications to enhance our comprehension of telepresence’s facets, its measurement, and the process by which VR influences real visit intentions

Adaptation à l'hypoxie et troubles du développement du prématuré : apport des modèles murins

La respiration des prématurés est marquée par des apnées à l'origine d'épisodes d'hypoxie cérébrale répétés. Les effets physiopathologiques des apnées sur le développement sont difficiles à étudier chez l'enfant. Nous avons étudié ces effets chez le souriceau nouveau-né, qui présente une immaturité cérébrale similaire à celle des prématurés humains. Notre objectif était d'étudier l'effet de l'hypoxie intermittente sur développement chez des souriceaux nouveau-nés. Nous avons étudié des souriceaux sains ou porteurs de lésions cérébrales excitotoxiques similaires à celles des prématurés humains. Notre hypothèse était que l'hypoxie intermittente modérée pouvait exercer des effets neuroprotecteurs sur le développement et les lésions cérébrales. Nous avons développé des méthodes d'évaluation cognitive du souriceau, et montré que les lésions cérébrales excitotoxiques provoquent des troubles cognitifs qui peuvent être évités grâce à des traitements neuroprotecteurs. L'hypoxie intermittente modérée (6 heures par jour, 20 épisodes/heure) protège les souriceaux des effets délétères de la séparation maternelle sur la mémoire, active la synthèse de facteurs trophiques BDNF et de VEGF et la neurogenèse dans l'hippocampe, et réduit la taille des lésions cérébrales. Le souriceau est donc un bon modèle des troubles du développement et permet d'étudier l'efficacité des traitements neuroprotecteurs. Les apnées du prématuré pourraient exercer un effet protecteur sur le développement cérébral. La stimulation de la synthèse de BDNF et VEGF pourrait constituer une stratégie thérapeutique pour prévenir les troubles du développement des prématurésPreterm infant's breathing pattern is characterized by apneas associated with repeated episodes of brain hypoxia. Pathophysiological effects of apneas on development are difficult to investigate in newborn infants. We have studied these effects in newborn mice, the immaturity of which is similar to human preterm's immaturity. We have developed methods for cognitive assessment of newborn mice, and we have shown that excitotoxic brain lesions caused cognitive disorders. These disorders were prevented by neuroprotective treatments. Moderate intermittent hypoxia (6 hrs/day, 20 events/hour) protected newborn mice against adverse effects of maternal separation on memory, activated the synthesis of trophic factors, BDNF and VEGF, increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and reduced brain lesion size. Newborn mice are therefore a valid model of neurodevelopmental disorders and they may be used to assess the efficacy of neuroprotective treatments. Apneas of prematurity may exert a neuroprotective effects of brain development. The stimulation of synthesis of neurotrophic factors may provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm infant

Risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes and infections in daycare workers: an overview of current epidemiological evidence and implications for primary prevention

Childcare providers are overwhelmingly women of childbearing age. Occupational risks in this sector include exposure to biological (infectious) or physical (standing, carrying loads) hazards, many of which are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as children with congenital infections, low birth weight or prematurity. Here, the authors examined literature on pregnancy outcomes and infectious hazards related to employment in daycare settings. Overall, 33 original studies (10 reporting pregnancy issues, 23 focusing on infectious risks) published in 1980–2018 were retained following a Medline search. Pregnancy issues in daycare workers have rarely been studied, and inconsistent risks of spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations and fetal growth retardation have been reported. Literature pertaining to infectious risks in daycare settings is extensive. The risk of a primary cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy was increased for daycare workers caring for >6 children and younger children, changing diapers ≥3 days/week, not wearing gloves when changing diapers, and having employment in daycare for ≤2 years. Personal factors (nulliparity, ethnicity) were also independent risk factors. Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections appear to be related to employment in daycare, but also to having one’s own children and an increased number of siblings. Consequently, the risk of a primary B19V infection during an outbreak is of most concern among younger nulliparous workers caring for large numbers of young infected children. Since the main occupational hazard is viral infection, feasible prevention strategies include improving workers’ awareness, serological monitoring during pregnancy, educating on appropriate preventive measures, and ensuring age-appropriate immunization of children and staff in childcare facilities

Adaptation à l'hypoxie et troubles du développement du prématuré (apport des modèles murins)

La respiration des prématurés est marquée par des apnées à l'origine d'épisodes d'hypoxie cérébrale répétés. Les effets physiopathologiques des apnées sur le développement sont difficiles à étudier chez l'enfant. Nous avons étudié ces effets chez le souriceau nouveau-né, qui présente une immaturité cérébrale similaire à celle des prématurés humains. Notre objectif était d'étudier l'effet de l'hypoxie intermittente sur développement chez des souriceaux nouveau-nés. Nous avons étudié des souriceaux sains ou porteurs de lésions cérébrales excitotoxiques similaires à celles des prématurés humains. Notre hypothèse était que l'hypoxie intermittente modérée pouvait exercer des effets neuroprotecteurs sur le développement et les lésions cérébrales. Nous avons développé des méthodes d'évaluation cognitive du souriceau, et montré que les lésions cérébrales excitotoxiques provoquent des troubles cognitifs qui peuvent être évités grâce à des traitements neuroprotecteurs. L'hypoxie intermittente modérée (6 heures par jour, 20 épisodes/heure) protège les souriceaux des effets délétères de la séparation maternelle sur la mémoire, active la synthèse de facteurs trophiques BDNF et de VEGF et la neurogenèse dans l'hippocampe, et réduit la taille des lésions cérébrales. Le souriceau est donc un bon modèle des troubles du développement et permet d'étudier l'efficacité des traitements neuroprotecteurs. Les apnées du prématuré pourraient exercer un effet protecteur sur le développement cérébral. La stimulation de la synthèse de BDNF et VEGF pourrait constituer une stratégie thérapeutique pour prévenir les troubles du développement des prématurésPreterm infant's breathing pattern is characterized by apneas associated with repeated episodes of brain hypoxia. Pathophysiological effects of apneas on development are difficult to investigate in newborn infants. We have studied these effects in newborn mice, the immaturity of which is similar to human preterm's immaturity. We have developed methods for cognitive assessment of newborn mice, and we have shown that excitotoxic brain lesions caused cognitive disorders. These disorders were prevented by neuroprotective treatments. Moderate intermittent hypoxia (6 hrs/day, 20 events/hour) protected newborn mice against adverse effects of maternal separation on memory, activated the synthesis of trophic factors, BDNF and VEGF, increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and reduced brain lesion size. Newborn mice are therefore a valid model of neurodevelopmental disorders and they may be used to assess the efficacy of neuroprotective treatments. Apneas of prematurity may exert a neuroprotective effects of brain development. The stimulation of synthesis of neurotrophic factors may provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm infantsPARIS-EST-Université (770839901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Learned defense response to hypoxia in newborn mice

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Bench to Cribside: the Path for Developing a Neuroprotectant

International audienceThe consequences of perinatal brain injury include immeasurable anguish for families and substantial ongoing costs for care and support of effected children. Factors associated with perinatal brain injury in the preterm infant include inflammation and infection, and with increasing gestational age, a higher proportion is related to hypoxic–ischemic events, such as stroke and placental abruption. Over the past decade, we have acquired new insights in the mechanisms underpinning injury and many new tools to monitor outcome in perinatal brain injury in our experimental models. By embracing these new technologies, we can expedite the screening of novel therapies. This is critical as despite enormous efforts of the research community, hypothermia is the only viable neurotherapeutic, and this procedure is limited to term birth and postcardiac arrest hypoxic–ischemic events. Importantly, experimental and preliminary data in humans also indicate a considerable therapeutic potential for melatonin against perinatal brain injury. However, even if this suggested potential is proven, the complexity of the human condition means we are likely to need additional neuroprotective and regenerative strategies. Thus, within this review, we will outline what we consider the key stages of preclinical testing and development for a neuroprotectant or regenerative neurotherapy for perinatal brain injury. We will also highlight examples of novel small animal physiological and behavioral testing that gives small animal preclinical models greater clinical relevance. We hope these new tools and an integrated bench to cribside strategic plan will facilitate the fulfillment of our overarching goal, improving the long-term brain health and quality of life for infants suffering perinatal brain injury

Protective effects of intermittent hypoxia on brain and memory in a mouse model of apnea of prematurity

International audienceApnea of prematurity (AOP) is considered a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders in children based on epidemiological studies. This idea is supported by studies in newborn rodents in which exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH) as a model of AOP significantly impairs development. However, the severe IH used in these studies may not fully reflect the broad spectrum of AOP severity. Considering that hypoxia appears neuroprotective under various conditions, we hypothesized that moderate IH would protect the neonatal mouse brain against behavioral stressors and brain damage. On P6, each pup in each litter was randomly assigned to one of three groups: a group exposed to IH while separated from the mother (IH group), a control group exposed to normoxia while separated from the mother (AIR group), and a group of untreated unmanipulated pups left continuously with their mother until weaning (UNT group). Exposure to moderate IH (8% O2) consisted of 20 hypoxic events/hour, 6 h per day from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P10. The stress generated by maternal separation in newborn rodents is known to impair brain development, and we expected this effect to be smaller in the IH group compared to the AIR group. In a separate experiment, we combined maternal separation with excitotoxic brain lesions mimicking those seen in preterm infants. We analyzed memory, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and brain lesion size. In non-lesioned mice, IH stimulated hippocampal angiogenesis and neurogenesis and improved short-term memory indices. In brain-lesioned mice, IH decreased lesion size and prevented memory impairments. Contrary to common perception, IH mimicking moderate apnea may offer neuroprotection, at least in part, against brain lesions and cognitive dysfunctions related to prematurity. AOP may therefore have beneficial effects in some preterm infants. These results support the need for stratification based on AOP severity in clinical trials of treatments for AOP, to determine whether in patients with moderate AOP, these treatments are beneficial or deleterious

Cold stimulates the behavioral response to hypoxia in newborn mice

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