Hemoglobin E prevalence in malaria-endemic villages in Myanmar.

The population of Myanmar comprises 8 major indigenous races (Bamar, Kayin, Kachin, Shan, Rakhine, Mon, Chin, and Kayah). The Bamar reside in the 7 central divisions of the country, and the others reside in the 7 peripheral states that border neighboring countries, including China, Laos, and Thailand in the east and India and Bangladesh in the west. Both malaria and HbE are endemic in Myanmar, although the actual prevalence of the latter in the different indigenous races is not yet known. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was performed in 4 malaria-endemic villages, each having a different predominating indigenous race. The overall prevalence of HbE was 11.4% (52/456 villagers), ranging from 2-6% in the Kayin-predominant villages to 13.1-24.4% in the Bamar-predominant villages. Although the overall HbE prevalence in the villages studied was not significantly different from that of the general Myanmar population, this study strongly documented the influence of racial differences on the prevalence of HbE in Myanmar. To prevent and control severe thalassemia syndromes in Myanmar, extensive prevalence studies of the country?s indigenous races are suggested.</p

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon-scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land-tenure insecurity, large-scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure- and energy-project planning, and reforming land-tenure and environmental-protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon-scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land-tenure insecurity, large-scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure- and energy-project planning, and reforming land-tenure and environmental-protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions

A Philosophical Analysis of the Concept of Alienation

The term 'alienation' · has many different meanings in everyday life, science, and philosophy. Alienation is the act or result of the act through which something, or somebody, becomes strange to something, or somebody, else. In our days, since science and technology have developed, human beings may face the very actual problem of alienation . Alienation is not a problem of what a man can have but a problem of what a man is. It is a problem of man's attitude towards hims.elf and towards the society in which he lives. This paper will discuss alienation as a philosophical problem and will present the way that can cure alienation and it is provided by the Buddhist tradition in Myanmar society

A basic Principle of the Myanmar Way of Thinking Reflected in Myanmar Proverbs

The word 'proverb' is derived from the Latin word 'proverbium', which means a brief popular saying. A proverb expresses a truth based on common fense or the practical experience of mankind. Every society has its own prove..-bs that can display thoughts of its people. Myanmar proverbs through the Ages have exhibited the Myanmar way of thinking and Myanmar way of living that identifies the national characteristics of the Myanmar people. This paper tries to reveal one of the basic principles of the Myanmar way of thinking reflected in Myanmar proverbs

The Seven Virtues in Myanmar Ethical Philosophy

The aim of this paper is to investigate the issue on whether the traditional idea of virtue in Myanmar is still living or not in this Age of Knowledge. The research question of this paper is why the seven virtues are still important in Myanmar society. This question may be best answered through the descriptive, evaluative and reflective methods. It will contribute that the traditional seven virtues as a guiding principle may be a positive and supporting factor to build our modern democracy society

The two Basic Laws: the Law of Kamma and the law of Impermanence in Myanmar Way of Thinking

The term 'Way of Thinking' refers to any individual's thinking in which the characteristic features of the thinking habits of the culture to which he belongs are revealed. The way of thinking of a society is conditioned by its cultural habits and attitudes. It can be said that in the Myanmar way of thinking, there are two basic laws, namely, the law of Kamma and the law of Impermanence. This paper points out these two basic laws in the general tendency of the way of thinking of Myanmar people with reference to Myanmar literature

Performance Analysis of a Scalable Naïve Bayes Classifier on MapReduce and Beyond MapReduce

Many real world areas from different sourcesgenerate the big data with large volume of highvelocity, complex and variable data. Big databecomes a challenge when they are difficult toprocess and extract knowledge using traditionalanalysis tools. Therefore the scalable machinelearning algorithms are needed for processing suchbig data. Recently Hadoop MapReduce frameworkhas been adapted for parallel computing. MapReducemay not fit for most of the real world dataapplications. For large scale machine learning ondistributed system, Spark has finally become muchmore viable beyond MapReduce. Although both ofthese frameworks are Apache-hosted data analyticframework, their performance varies significantlybased on the use case under their implementation.This paper aims to analyze the performance ofscalable Naïve Bayes classifier (SNB) which isimplemented on MapReduce and Beyond MapReduceover different real world datasets. The comparisonresults show that SNB on Beyond MapReduceprovides minimal processing time than SNB onMapReduce for efficiently big data classification

Mining Association Rule by ECLAT Method Using Transaction Data

Association rule mining is a process that identifies links between sets of correlated objects in transactional databases where each transaction contains a list of items. Association rule is one of the well-defined algorithms, whose significance is measured via support and confidence factor, are intended to identify rules of the type. This system is the development of transactions data analysis system. The important problems of data mining are mining frequent itemsets and generating association rules from databases of transactions where each transaction consists of a set of items. Our proposed system is based on Association Rule Mining using Equivalence CLASS Transformation (ECLAT) method to find frequent-patterns. This method can also reduce the number of candidate itemsets. It is not required scanning the complete database over and over again. So, it also saves the time

Musical Genre Classification using Gaussian Mixture Models

Digital music is one of the most importantdata types, distributed by the Internet. Automaticmusical genre classification is very useful formusic indexing and retrieval. A method torecognize the genre of music audio is considered.In this paper, the input music is represented withDWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) coefficientsand classifying the extracted features is performedusing Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). UsingGMM the optimal class boundaries between fourgroups of genre namely, pop, classic, rock and jazzare obtained. The feature vector from featureextraction step uses wavelet coefficients byhierarchical decomposition as it is easy toimplement as well as it can reduce the computationtime and resources required. Given that GMM is arobust approach that could obtain very goodperformance and a solution based on it ispowerful, the classification is mainly composed ofGMM classifiers. The experimental results indicatethat the proposed approach offer encouragingresults