Cultural influences on the fertility behaviour of first- and second-generation immigrants in Germany

Based on a 1% sample of the German population, we study how fertility rates in the country of origin—a proxy for cultural imprint—influence the fertility outcomes of first- and second-generation female immigrants. We use both total fertility rates in the year of migration and a new measure of completed cohort fertility rates in the countries of origin as well as direct survey measures of fertility norms. Our large data set allows us to focus on a relatively narrow range for age at migration and to estimate models that rely on within-country variation only, leading to more credible identification. We find a statistically significant, sizeable and robust effect of country-of-origin fertility rates on fertility outcomes. The effect is strongest for the first generation and becomes weaker, though still statistically significant, for "generation 1.5" (migrants arriving as children) and the second generation. It is stronger for women with low education and for women who live with a partner from the same country of origin

The Impacts of Structural and Psychological Empowerment on Burnout:A Research on Staff Nurses in Turkish State Hospitals

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of perceived structural and psychological empowerment and the level of burnout among nurses in health service organizations. Data for the present study were taken from the survey of state hospital nurses. This study employs a series of multiple regression analyses in order to address the effect of the level of empowerment on the level of burnout—as well as the effect of the level of each dimension of structural empowerment and psychological empowerment on the each dimension of burnout. The results indicate that nurses who perceive higher level psychological empowerment and lower level structural empowerment and burnout. In addition to the effect of empowerment or the dimensions of empowerment, it was found that various background factors influence the level of burnout perceived by nurses in the workplace.Keywords: Structural Empowerment; Psychological Empowerment; Burnout; Nurses; State Hospital; Turke

Mayoral candidate characteristics in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg

This database was created in the context of the project "Ämterwettbewerb, Qualitiät von Politikern und fiskalische Performance – Eine empirische Analyse deutscher Kommunen", running from September 2012 until February 2015. The project members gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Fritz Thyssen foundation (project number 10.12.1.094). The database comprises detailed information on the personal characteristics of candidates at mayoral elections in the German state of Baden-Wuerttemberg for the period 1973–2010. In total, 2,442 mayoral candidates from 1,184 mayoral elections are included

Do fiscal rules constrain fiscal policy? : A meta-regression-analysis

We implement a meta-regression-analysis for the budgetary impact of numerical fiscal rules. Based on 30 studies published in the last decade, we offer a consensus estimate with respect to the level of statistical significance, provide suggestive evidence for the effect size, and identify study features of relevance for the measured impact of fiscal rules. Overall, the results document a constraining impact of rules. However, this impact is weakened if refined identification strategies are employed. Moreover, the results provide evidence for a publication bias in which journals are more likely to report constraining and statistically significant effects compared to working papers. We further provide recommendations for future research on the budgetary impact of fiscal rules

Making the most of the European Fiscal Board

Nach den zahlreichen fiskalpolitischen Reformen in der Eurozone seit 2011 wurde im Jahr 2016 eine weitere wichtige Neuerung eingeführt: die Gründung des Europäischen Finanzausschusses (EFB) sowie die Auswahl und Ernennung seiner fünf Mitglieder. Der Fiskalausschuss war einer der Vorschläge, die im Bericht der fünf Präsidenten im Juni 2015 (Juncker et al., 2015) mit dem Ziel der Schaffung einer "Fiskalunion" vorgebracht wurden. Es ist außerdem das einzige Element des Berichts, das innerhalb von kürzester Zeit umgesetzt wurde. Der Vorschlag über die Einrichtung einer solchen Institution wurde im Oktober 2015 von der Europäischen Kommission eingereicht. Bereits im Oktober 2016 nahm der Fiskalausschuss kurze Zeit nach Ernennung seiner Mitglieder seine Arbeit auf

Better fiscal rules for Europe : reflections based on new empirical evidence

Die Fiskalregeln der Eurozone wurden in den letzten fünf Jahren reformiert und erweitert. Ob diese Veränderungen tatsächlich zu einem gesteigerten Maß an fiskalpolitischer Klugheit geführt haben und weitreichend genug waren, ist jedoch unklar. Dieses Grundsatzpapier fasst die jüngsten Forschungsergebnisse eines spanisch-deutsch-amerikanischen Forscherteams unter der Leitung des ZEW zusammen. In der Studie werden die allgemeine Wirksamkeit bisheriger fiskalischer Regelwerke sowie das Zusammenspiel zwischen Regeln, politischen Faktoren und dem Finanzausgleich untersucht. Eine Hauptempfehlung: Die Fiskalpolitik sollte Haushaltsentwicklungen in scheinbar guten Zeiten stärker im Auge behalten und explizit Vorsicht walten lassen bei der Nutzung unerwarteter Mehreinnahmen sowie dem Entstehen umfangreicher Bürokratien

Sosyal aylaklık üzerine ampirik bir araştırma

Nowadays, each business which targets achievement have to trust and be generous towards its employees. It is proven in researchs that employees cooperation and solidarity are compulsary for the company's success. Also, business success depend on employees share the same target and complement each other. To prevent social idleness as a result of team works take part a lot more in business, is a necessity for executives. Social idleness is the effort of individuals as a member of a group is less than the effort of individuals as individualy. The results of researchs demonstrate that social idleness is a social disease might form negative consequences for individuals, social institutions and society . Günümüzde başarıyı hedefleyen her işletme, çalışanlarına güvenmek ve çalışanlarına karşı cömert olmak durumundadır. Çalışanlar arasındaki işbirliği ve dayanışmanın, işletmenin başarısı için zorunlu olduğu yapılan araştırmalarla kanıtlanmaktadır. İşletmenin başarısı aynı zamanda çalışanların aynı hedefi paylaşmalarına ve birbirlerini tamamlamalarına bağlıdır. Nitekim ekip çalışmalarının işletmelerde çok daha fazla yer tutması sonucunda sosyal aylaklığın önüne geçmek yöneticiler açısından zorunluluk arz etmektedir. Sosyal aylaklık, grup üyesi olarak harcanan çabanın bireylerin tek tek harcayacağı çabadan daha az olmasıdır. Sosyal aylaklığın yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda, bireyler, sosyal kurumlar ve toplumlar için olumsuz sonuçlar oluşturabilecek bir sosyal hastalık olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.Günümüzde başarıyı hedefleyen her işletme, çalışanlarına güvenmek ve çalışanlarına karşı cömert olmak durumundadır. Çalışanlar arasındaki işbirliği ve dayanışmanın, işletmenin başarısı için zorunlu olduğu yapılan araştırmalarla kanıtlanmaktadır. İşletmenin başarısı aynı zamanda çalışanların aynı hedefi paylaşmalarına ve birbirlerini tamamlamalarına bağlıdır. Nitekim ekip çalışmalarının işletmelerde çok daha fazla yer tutması sonucunda sosyal aylaklığın önüne geçmek yöneticiler açısından zorunluluk arz etmektedir. Sosyal aylaklık, grup üyesi olarak harcanan çabanın bireylerin tek tek harcayacağı çabadan daha az olmasıdır. Sosyal aylaklığın yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda, bireyler, sosyal kurumlar ve toplumlar için olumsuz sonuçlar oluşturabilecek bir sosyal hastalık olduğu ortaya konulmuştur

Phytochemical profile and some biological activities of three Centaurea species from Turkey

Purpose: To characterise the phytochemical profile of whole plants of Centaurea balsamita, C. depressa and C. lycopifolia with LC-ESI-MS/MS, and as well as their antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities.Methods: Organic and aqueous extracts of the three Centaurea species were evaluated for DPPH free radical, ABTS cation radical scavenging and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Acetyland butyryl-cholinesterase enzyme inhibition abilities of the extracts using petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water were studied to determine anticholinesterase activity, while antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method using appropriate antimicrobial standards and organisms. The phytochemical components of the methanol extracts were assessed by LC-MS/MS.Results: The methanol extract of C. balsamita exhibited much higher DPPH free and ABTS cation radicals scavenging activities (with IC50 of 62.65 ± 0.97 and 24.21 ± 0.70 mg/ml, respectively) than the other extracts. The petroleum ether extracts of the plant species exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase enzymes while the acetone extract of C. balsamita showed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Quinic acid (17513 ± 813 μg/g, 63874 ± 3066 μg/g and 108234 ± 5195 μg/g) was the major compound found in the methanol extracts of C. balsamita, C. depressa and C. Lycopifolia, respectively.Conclusion: These results indicate quinic acid is the major compound in the three plant species and that Centaurea balsamita has significant antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial properties. Further studies to identify the compounds in the extracts responsible for the activities are required.Keywords: Centaurea, LC-ESI-MS/MS, Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Antimicrobia

Changes in Serum Natriuretic Peptide Levels after Percutaneous Closure of Small to Moderate Ventricular Septal Defects

Background. B-type natriuretic peptide has been shown to be a very sensitive and specific marker of heart failure. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defects with Amplatzer septal occluders on brain natriuretic peptide levels. Methods. Between 2008 and 2011, 23 patients underwent successfully percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure in 4 cardiology centers. Brain natriuretic peptide levels were measured in nine patients (4 male, mean ages were 25.3 ± 14.3) who underwent percutaneous closure with Amplatzer occluders for membranous or muscular ventricular septal defects were enrolled in the study. Brain natriuretic peptide levels were measured one day before and one month after the closure. Patients were evaluated clinically and by echocardiography one month after the procedure. Results. Percutaneous closures of ventricular septal defects were successfully performed in all patients. There was not any significant adverse event in patients group during followup. Decrease in brain natriuretic peptide levels after closure were statistically significant (97.3 ± 78.6 versus 26.8 ± 15.6, P = 0.013). Conclusion. Brain Natriuretic Peptide levels are elevated in patients with ventricular septal defects as compared to controls. Percutaneous closure of Ventricular Septal Defect with Amplatzer occluders decreases the BNP levels

İdyopatik Hirşutizm Hastalarında QT Dispersiyonu

Amaç: Çalışmada idyopatik hirşutizm tanılı hastaların QT dispersiyonu açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Metod: 28 İH hastası ve kontrol grubu olarak 35 sağlıklı kadın çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastaların hormonal incelemeleri ile birlikte elektrokardiyografi EKG analizleri yapılarak QT dispersiyonları QTd ile düzeltilmiş QT QTc değerleri kullanılarak düzeltilmiş QT dispersiyon QTcd değerleri elde edilmiştir. Bulgular: İH ve kontrol hastalarının minimum QT 336±30; 337±32 ms , maksimum QT 358±30; 358±34 ms , minimum QTc 391 ± 24; 399 ± 25 ms ; maksimum QTc 417 ± 24; 424 ± 26 ms , QTd 22±5; 21±7, P=0.6 ve QTcd 26 ± 6, 25 ± 9 ms, P= 0.7 değerleri arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdı. Hirşutizm hastalarında açlık insülin, Homeostasis model assessment HOMA indeksi ve androjen düzeyleri anlamlı olarak yüksek saptandı. Sonuç: Hormonal ve metabolik bozukluklara rağmen İH hastalarında sağlıklı kadınlara göre anlamlı QT dispersiyonu saptanmamıştı