Social exclusivity or justice for all? Access to justice in the fourteenth century

Author's draft; final version published in: Rosemary Horrox and Sarah Rees-Jones eds., Pragmatic Utopias, 1200-1630 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 136-55. ISBN 9780511036880 © Cambridge University Press 2001The outlaw, residing in the idyllic ‘wood of Belregard’, is a powerful and evocative image in medieval literature. Embodying a strong sense of social justice and imbued with utopian qualities, both the outlaw figure and the greenwood can be taken to symbolise the aspirations, or perhaps more appropriately the plight, of those who had no apparent prospect of ‘justice’, either through lack of access to the legal system or on account of their treatment within it. The apparent difficulties faced in trying to clear one’s name are portrayed as stemming from endemic social prejudice and corruption within the legal system. As such, and in what is a recurring theme during the fourteenth century, the outlaw figure presents a picture of social exclusion amounting to a serious indictment of royal justice in late-medieval Englan

From the judge's arbitrium to the legality principle: legislation as a source of law in criminal trials

The legality principle characterizes all western legal systems, and it has become an integral part of the Western rule of law and the international human rights law. The principle dates back to enlightened jurists such as Cesare Beccaria and to social contract thinkers such as Charles de Secondat de Montesquieu, according to whom judges were to act only as the mouthpiece of the statutory law. Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach, the inventor of the famous maxim nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege, developed these thoughts further. The emergence of the legality principle links closely to the teachings on the division of powers. The studies of this volume cover most of Europe from England, Italy and Spain to Sweden, Russia and England, and both the South and North American continents. In most parts of Europe, the nineteenth-century criminal law reforms form an integral part of the »liberal« agenda. These changes took place, however, at different times in different parts of the Western world, and for slightly different reasons. Comparative legal history shows, furthermore, that the roots of the principle date much further back in history than the eighteenth century. Before the formulation of the legality principle, written statutes already played a significant role in the criminal law in many parts of the Western world. The articles of the volume, written by the foremost experts on comparative legal history, demonstrate that the attitudes and practices toward written statutes as sources of criminal law varied greatly from one region to another. In most parts of the European continent judicial arbitration was carefully defined in legal scholarship (Italy, France), whereas in some regions written law played an important role from early on (Sweden). Although the nineteenth century was fundamental in shaping the legality principle, in some countries its breakthrough remained even then far from complete (Russia, the United States)

Seeing Justice: The Visual Culture of the Law and Lawyers

PublishedArticl

Perceptions of risk, incentive and situational influences in young climbing groups

The research has sought to shed light on decision making\ud among climbing groups while on expedition by identifying and correlating\ud the major factors that affect it. Perspectives from the psychology of\ud group dynamics and decision-making provide the theoretical basis for\ud investigation. All data were gathered from climbers during actual\ud mountain expeditions. The study is thus a naturalistic one rather than\ud being laboratory based.\ud The main study investigated young mountain climbers from the\ud standpoint of how they perceived themselves and how they perceived the\ud operation of the whole group of which they were a member. A picture\ud was constructed on the basis of three factors: Incentive or what draws the\ud climber to the top; Risk, or what limits the response to that incentive, and\ud Situation, or what real world constraints are operative at the time.\ud To provide a psychological profile of the climber while actually\ud undertaking an expedition an intervention method of data gathering was\ud implemented. This consisted of questions administered on four occasions:\ud one: while still at base "setting out"; two: "en route" after a significant\ud part of the expedition had been completed; three: on the summit, or when\ud the objective or goal had been achieved, and four: when the group had\ud returned to base.\ud Subjects were between the ages of 13 years to 18 years from 14\ud schools. Data were collected over a period of 10 weeks during weeklong\ud residential outdoor activity courses.\ud A comparison of ratings of the three concepts, Risk, Incentive, and\ud Situation over the stages of the climb both for the Individual and the\ud Group highlighted several findings:\ud 1. Climbers' feelings about the strength/importance of risk acceptance and\ud of incentive concepts increased as the climb progressed, but dipped at the\ud completion of the climb. Situational factors varied throughout the climb.\ud 2. The climbers backgrounds had varying influences on their responses\ud across the climb. Some explanatory variables, such as level of experience,\ud ability and fitness provided no differentiation, while others such as group\ud status, commitment, risk level and weather conditions made a consistent\ud contribution.\ud 3. Individuals perceived the group's point of view differently from their\ud own.\ud 4. Incentive, risk and situational similarities between stages for climbers'\ud own ratings varied in strength across the climb.\ud 5. The predictions of responses for the next stage were consistently\ud underestimated or at least mis-estimated, and seemed bound by current -\ud state responses.\ud 6. These predictions were particularly adrift for risk and incentive, though\ud fairly accurate for situational factors.\ud 7. The evaluations made about the group were consistently higher\ud throughout the climb than the evaluations made by climbers about\ud themselves showing that the group was perceived to have higher incentive\ud levels and was more willing to take risks than the individual

Recommendation report for the implementation of research data management policy and for a sustainable research data management service at the University of Exeter

This is the Open Access and Research Data Management Policy Task and Finish Group's recommendation report for the implementation of research data management policy and a sustainable research data management service at the University of Exeter.JIS

Differential Expression of CD163 on Monocyte Subsets in Healthy and HIV-1 Infected Individuals

CD163, a haptoglobin-hemoglobin (Hp-Hb) scavenger receptor, expressed by monocytes and macrophages, is important in resolution of inflammation. Age-related non-AIDS co-morbidities in HIV-infected individuals, particularly dementia and cardiovascular disease, result in part from effects of HIV-1 infection on monocyte and macrophage biology. CD163 co-expression on CD14+CD16++ monocytes has been proposed as a useful biomarker for HIV-1 disease progression and the presence of HIV associated dementia. Here we investigated CD163 expression on monocyte subsets ex vivo, on cultured macrophages, and soluble in plasma, in the setting of HIV-1 infection. Whole blood immunophenotyping revealed CD163 expression on CD14++CD16- monocytes but not on CD14+CD16++ monocytes (P = 0.004), supported by CD163 mRNA levels. Incubation with M-CSF induced CD163 protein expression on CD14+CD16++ monocytes to the same extent as CD14++CD16− monocytes. CD163 expression on CD14++CD16+ monocytes from HIV-infected subjects was significantly higher than from uninfected individuals, with a trend towards increased expression on CD14++CD16− monocytes (P = 0.019 and 0.069 respectively), which is accounted for by HIV-1 therapy including protease inhibitors. Shedding of CD163 was shown to predominantly occur from the CD14++CD16− subset after Ficoll isolation and LPS stimulation. Soluble CD163 concentration in plasma from HIV-1 infected donors was similar to HIV-1 uninfected donors. Monocyte CD163 expression in HIV-1 infected patients showed a complicated relationship with classical measures of disease progression. Our findings clarify technical issues regarding CD163 expression on monocyte subsets and further elucidates its role in HIV-associated inflammation by demonstrating that CD163 is readily lost from CD14++CD16− monocytes and induced in pro-inflammatory CD14+CD16++ monocytes by M-CSF. Our data show that all monocyte subsets are potentially capable of differentiating into CD163-expressing anti-inflammatory macrophages given appropriate stimuli. Levels of CD163 expression on monocytes may be a potential biomarker reflecting efforts by the immune system to resolve immune activation and inflammation in HIV-infected individuals

Differential Expression of CD163 on Monocyte Subsets in Healthy and HIV-1 Infected Individuals

CD163, a haptoglobin-hemoglobin (Hp-Hb) scavenger receptor, expressed by monocytes and macrophages, is important in resolution of inflammation. Age-related non-AIDS co-morbidities in HIV-infected individuals, particularly dementia and cardiovascular disease, result in part from effects of HIV-1 infection on monocyte and macrophage biology. CD163 co-expression on CD14+CD16++ monocytes has been proposed as a useful biomarker for HIV-1 disease progression and the presence of HIV associated dementia. Here we investigated CD163 expression on monocyte subsets ex vivo, on cultured macrophages, and soluble in plasma, in the setting of HIV-1 infection. Whole blood immunophenotyping revealed CD163 expression on CD14++CD16- monocytes but not on CD14+CD16++ monocytes (P = 0.004), supported by CD163 mRNA levels. Incubation with M-CSF induced CD163 protein expression on CD14+CD16++ monocytes to the same extent as CD14++CD16− monocytes. CD163 expression on CD14++CD16+ monocytes from HIV-infected subjects was significantly higher than from uninfected individuals, with a trend towards increased expression on CD14++CD16− monocytes (P = 0.019 and 0.069 respectively), which is accounted for by HIV-1 therapy including protease inhibitors. Shedding of CD163 was shown to predominantly occur from the CD14++CD16− subset after Ficoll isolation and LPS stimulation. Soluble CD163 concentration in plasma from HIV-1 infected donors was similar to HIV-1 uninfected donors. Monocyte CD163 expression in HIV-1 infected patients showed a complicated relationship with classical measures of disease progression. Our findings clarify technical issues regarding CD163 expression on monocyte subsets and further elucidates its role in HIV-associated inflammation by demonstrating that CD163 is readily lost from CD14++CD16− monocytes and induced in pro-inflammatory CD14+CD16++ monocytes by M-CSF. Our data show that all monocyte subsets are potentially capable of differentiating into CD163-expressing anti-inflammatory macrophages given appropriate stimuli. Levels of CD163 expression on monocytes may be a potential biomarker reflecting efforts by the immune system to resolve immune activation and inflammation in HIV-infected individuals