Foto-Hallovská spektroskopie a laserem indukované tranzientní proudy v polovodičových detektorech na bázi CdTe

Název: Foto-Hallovská spektroskopie a laserem indukované tranzientní proudy v polovodičových detektorech na bázi CdTe Autor: Artem Musiienko Pracoviště: Fyzikální Ústav, MFF UK Vedoucí disertační práce: Prof. RNDr. Roman Grill, CSc, Fyzikální Ústav, MFF UK Abstrakt: Tellurid kademnatý, tellurid zinečnato-kademnatý a tellurid manganato-kademnatý jsou důležité polovodiče používané v detektorech záření, solárních článcích a elektrooptických modulátorech. Jejich elektrické a optické vlastnosti jsou podstatně ovlivňovány poruchami, které se projevují jako energetické hladiny uvnitř pásu zakázaných energií. Tyto poruchy tvoří rekombinační a pasťová centra, která zachytávají světlem generované nosiče a zhoršují detekční vlastnosti detektorů. Současně změna obsazení hladin vede k nabíjení objemu detektoru, což vede ke stínění přiloženého elektrického pole a ke ztrátě citlivosti detektoru. Podrobná znalost struktury defektů v krystalu je proto nezbytná pro stanovení kvality detektoru a také pro možnost snížení koncentrace defektů. Tato dizertace se zabývá výzkumem hlubokých energetických hladin v detektorových materiálech na bázi CdTe s vysokým měrným elektrickým odporem pomocí foto-Hallovy spektroskopie. Klasický přístup je také rozšířen o paralelní excitaci světlem o dvou vlnových délkách a monochromatickou...Title: Photo-Hall effect spectroscopy and laser-induced transient currents in CdTe-based semiconductor radiation detectors Author: Artem Musiienko Department / Institute: Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Prof. RNDr. Roman Grill, CSc, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Abstract: Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Zinc Telluride, and Cadmium Manganese Telluride are important semiconductors with applications in radiation detection, solar cells, and electro-optic modulators. Their electrical and optical properties are principally controlled by defects forming energy levels within the bandgap. Such defects create recombination and trapping centers capturing photo- created carriers and depreciating the performance of the detector. Simultaneously, the changed occupancy of levels leads to the charging of detector's bulk, which results in the screening of applied bias and the loss of detector's sensitivity. Detailed knowledge of crystal defect structure is thus necessary for the predictable detector work and also for the possibility to reduce the structural defects concentration. This thesis reports on the investigation of deep energy levels in CdTe-based high resistivity and detector-grade materials by...Fyzikální ústav UKInstitute of Physics of Charles UniversityMatematicko-fyzikální fakultaFaculty of Mathematics and Physic

Foto-Hallovská spektroskopie a laserem indukované tranzientní proudy v polovodičových detektorech na bázi CdTe

Název: Foto-Hallovská spektroskopie a laserem indukované tranzientní proudy v polovodičových detektorech na bázi CdTe Autor: Artem Musiienko Pracoviště: Fyzikální Ústav, MFF UK Vedoucí disertační práce: Prof. RNDr. Roman Grill, CSc, Fyzikální Ústav, MFF UK Abstrakt: Tellurid kademnatý, tellurid zinečnato-kademnatý a tellurid manganato-kademnatý jsou důležité polovodiče používané v detektorech záření, solárních článcích a elektrooptických modulátorech. Jejich elektrické a optické vlastnosti jsou podstatně ovlivňovány poruchami, které se projevují jako energetické hladiny uvnitř pásu zakázaných energií. Tyto poruchy tvoří rekombinační a pasťová centra, která zachytávají světlem generované nosiče a zhoršují detekční vlastnosti detektorů. Současně změna obsazení hladin vede k nabíjení objemu detektoru, což vede ke stínění přiloženého elektrického pole a ke ztrátě citlivosti detektoru. Podrobná znalost struktury defektů v krystalu je proto nezbytná pro stanovení kvality detektoru a také pro možnost snížení koncentrace defektů. Tato dizertace se zabývá výzkumem hlubokých energetických hladin v detektorových materiálech na bázi CdTe s vysokým měrným elektrickým odporem pomocí foto-Hallovy spektroskopie. Klasický přístup je také rozšířen o paralelní excitaci světlem o dvou vlnových délkách a monochromatickou...Title: Photo-Hall effect spectroscopy and laser-induced transient currents in CdTe-based semiconductor radiation detectors Author: Artem Musiienko Department / Institute: Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Prof. RNDr. Roman Grill, CSc, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Abstract: Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Zinc Telluride, and Cadmium Manganese Telluride are important semiconductors with applications in radiation detection, solar cells, and electro-optic modulators. Their electrical and optical properties are principally controlled by defects forming energy levels within the bandgap. Such defects create recombination and trapping centers capturing photo- created carriers and depreciating the performance of the detector. Simultaneously, the changed occupancy of levels leads to the charging of detector's bulk, which results in the screening of applied bias and the loss of detector's sensitivity. Detailed knowledge of crystal defect structure is thus necessary for the predictable detector work and also for the possibility to reduce the structural defects concentration. This thesis reports on the investigation of deep energy levels in CdTe-based high resistivity and detector-grade materials by...Fyzikální ústav UKInstitute of Physics of Charles UniversityFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult

Anticorrelated Photoluminescence and Free Charge Generation Proves Field-Assisted Exciton Dissociation in Low-Offset PM6:Y5 Organic Solar Cells

Understanding the origin of inefficient photocurrent generation in organic solar cells with low energy offset remains key to realizing high performance donor-acceptor systems. Here, we probe the origin of field-dependent free charge generation and photoluminescence in non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) based organic solar cells using the polymer PM6 and NFA Y5 - a non-halogenated sibling to Y6, with a smaller energetic offset to PM6. By performing time-delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements on a variety of samples with different electron transport layers and active layer thickness, we show that the fill factor and photocurrent are limited by field-dependent free charge generation in the bulk of the blend. We also introduce a new method of TDCF called m-TDCF to prove the absence of artefacts from non-geminate recombination of photogenerated- and dark charge carriers near the electrodes. We then correlate free charge generation with steady state photoluminescence intensity, and find perfect anticorrelation between these two properties. Through this, we conclude that photocurrent generation in this low offset system is entirely controlled by the field dependent exciton dissociation into charge transfer states

Self-Doping of the Transport Layers Decreases the Bimolecular Recombination by Reducing Static Disorder

Electron-transport layers (ETLs) have a crucial role in the solar cells’ performance. Generally, ETLs are characterized in terms of the interface properties and conductivity rather than their effect on the photoactive layer. Herein, two ETLs, 2,9-bis(3-((3-(dimethylamino)propyl)amino)propyl)anthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d′e′f′]diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetraone (PDINN) and 2,9-bis[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]anthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d′e′f′]diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetrone, are compared in the conventional PM6:Y6 organic solar cell (OSC) structure and the influence of the ETL on the photoactive layer is shown. It is shown that a significant portion of the unpaired electrons of PDINN is mobile by combining electron paramagnetic resonance and Hall effect measurements. It is established that the high doping in PDINN ETL changes the dark electron concentration of the photoactive layer. The impacts of this change in the photoactive layer can be observed in the reduced static energetic disorder, and subsequently in the (nonradiative) recombination of free carriers. The results can be used to suppress nonradiative recombination in OSC, which can significantly boost their efficiency

Internal electric fields control triplet formation in halide perovskite-sensitized photon upconverters

Halide perovskite-based photon upconverters utilize perovskite thin films to sensitize triplet exciton formation in a small-molecule layer, driving triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. Despite having excellent carrier mobility, these systems suffer from inefficient triplet formation at the perovskite/annihilator interface. We studied triplet formation in formamidinium-methylammonium lead iodide/rubrene bilayers using photoluminescence and surface photovoltage methods. By studying systems constructed on glass as well as hole-selective substrates, comprising self-assembled layers of the carbazole derivative 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid) on indium-doped tin oxide, we saw how changes in the carrier dynamics induced by the hole-selective substrate perturbed triplet formation at the perovskite/rubrene interface. We propose that an internal electric field, caused by hole transfer at the perovskite/rubrene interface, strongly affects triplet exciton formation, accelerating exciton-forming electron-hole encounters at the interface but also limiting the hole density in rubrene at high excitation densities. Controlling this field is a promising path to improving triplet formation in perovskite/annihilator upconverters

Whats special about Y6; the working mechanism of neat Y6 organic solar cell

Non-fullerene acceptors (NFA) have delivered advance in bulk heterojunction organic solar cell efficiencies, with the significant milestone of 20% now in sight. However, these materials challenge the accepted wisdom of how organic solar cells work. In this work we present neat Y6 device with efficiency above 4.5%. We thoroughly investigate mechanisms of charge generation and recombination as well as transport in order to understand what is special about Y6. Our data suggest Y6 generates bulk free charges, with ambipolar mobility, which can be extracted in the presence of transport layersComment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Defects in Hybrid Perovskites: The Secret of Efficient Charge Transport

The interaction of free carriers with defects and some critical defect properties are still unclear in methylammonium lead halide perovskites (MHPs). Here, a multi-method approach is used to quantify and characterize defects in single crystal MAPbI(3), giving a cross-checked overview of their properties. Time of flight current waveform spectroscopy reveals the interaction of carriers with five shallow and deep defects. Photo-Hall and thermoelectric effect spectroscopy assess the defect density, cross-section, and relative (to the valence band) energy. The detailed reconstruction of free carrier relaxation through Monte Carlo simulation allows for quantifying the lifetime, mobility, and diffusion length of holes and electrons separately. Here, it is demonstrated that the dominant part of defects releases free carriers after trapping; this happens without non-radiative recombination with consequent positive effects on the photoconversion and charge transport properties. On the other hand, shallow traps decrease drift mobility sensibly. The results are the key for the optimization of the charge transport properties and defects in MHP and contribute to the research aiming to improve perovskite stability. This study paves the way for doping and defect control, enhancing the scalability of perovskite devices with large diffusion lengths and lifetimes

Interface Modification for Energy Levels Alignment and Charge Extraction in CsPbI3_3 Perovskite Solar Cells

In perovskite solar cells (PSCs) energy levels alignment and charge extraction at the interfaces are the essential factors directly affecting the device performance. In this work, we present a modified interface between all-inorganic CsPbI$_3$ perovskite and its hole selective contact (Spiro-OMeTAD), realized by a dipole molecule trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), to align the energy levels. On a passivated perovskite film, by n-Octyl ammonium Iodide (OAI), we created an upward surface band-bending at the interface by TOPO treatment. This improved interface by the dipole molecule induces a better energy level alignment and enhances the charge extraction of holes from the perovskite layer to the hole transport material. Consequently, a Voc of 1.2 V and high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 19% were achieved for inorganic CsPbI$_3$ perovskite solar cells. Further, to demonstrate the effect of the TOPO dipole molecule, we present a layer-by-layer charge extraction study by transient surface photovoltage technique (trSPV) accomplished by charge transport simulation.Comment: 20 pages, 4 Figure