Morphology, mineralogical composition and genesis of vertisols in liman Bolshoi (Volgograd region)

The morphological structure of the profiles of two vertisols on microelevations of the gilgai complex of the Bolshoi liman (Svetloyarsk district of the Volgograd region) was studied. Despite the same microrelief position and equal relative heights of microelevations, morphological differences in the profiles at the subtype level were revealed. In one of the profiles, due to the higher humidity, the signs of vertisol genesis were less pronounced. Whereas in the second, more pronounced signs of vertic processes were described – slickensides with 15–30 cm length, smaller slickensides up to 10 cm, wedge-shaped aggregates. The proportion of the clay fraction in the mixed horizons, obtained by the Gorbunov method, was 45– 52%. Analysis of the qualitative mineralogical composition of the clay (<1μm) fractions showed that the smectite phase is represented mainly by disordered and mixed-layered smectite-illite formations. Individual illite belongs to the biotite variety according to the filling of the octahedral layer. Analysis of the ratio of the main mineral phases showed the predominance of illite (53–87%) in all soil samples. In the first pit an increase in the proportion of the smectite component with depth (from 1 to 35%) is noted. In the second pit, there are no regularities in the distribution of mineral phases (fluctuations within 24–37%), which may be associated with the involvement of chocolate clays layers in the profile during soil formation. Mineralogical analysis of chocolate clays (parent rocks) showed their high heterogeneity depending on the depth of the studied layer. No correlation was found between the severity of the signs of vertic processes and the proportion of the swelling component. Illustration of the stages of the formation of the soil cover on the investigated plot of the liman is given. The main reasons that led to the formation of different soils on microelevations are the unevenness of the “squeezing out” of soil blocks upward in the process of microrelief formation in combination with local erosion

Current determinants of the national accounting system transformation in Iraq

The article examines the most relevant issues of the external and internal factors’ influence on the accounting current development in Iraq. Historically, Iraq’s accounting system has been shaped by cultural traditions, religion, economic development and political trends over a long period, from ancient times to the present. Its origins date back to the Sumerian kingdom and before the overthrow of the S. Hussein regime. At present, not only national priorities but also global accounting trends have changed. Being formed in parallel with the development of the Republic of Iraq, the current accounting system is not oriented towards the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards. In order to identify the current determinants of the national accounting system development, the actual model features and the conditions for consolidation with international standards have been analysed. The main directions of accounting harmonisation in the Republic of Iraq towards the international standards integration into the national system have been identified. The main steps of the transformation of national standards to international standards have been presented

Glucocorticoids prime the inflammatory response of human hippocampal cells through up-regulation of inflammatory pathways

Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and an overactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. However, these explanations appear contradictory because glucocorticoids are well recognised for their anti-inflammatory effects. Two hypotheses exist to resolve this paradox: the mediating presence of glucocorticoid receptor resistance, or the possibility that glucocorticoids can potentiate inflammatory processes in some circumstances. We sought to investigate these hypotheses in a cell model with significant relevance to depression: human hippocampal progenitor cells. We demonstrated that dexamethasone in vitro given for 24 hours and followed by a 24 hours rest interval before an immune challenge potentiates inflammatory effects in these neural cells, that is, increases the IL-6 protein secretion induced by stimulation with IL-1\u3b2 (10 ng/mL for 24 hours) by + 49% (P < 0.05) at a concentration of 100 nM and by + 70% (P < 0.01) for 1 \u3bcM. These effects are time- and dose-dependent and require activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Gene expression microarray assays using Human Gene 2.1st Array Strips demonstrated that glucocorticoid treatment up-regulated several innate immune genes, including chemokines and Nod-like receptor, NLRP6; using transcription factor binding motifs we found limited evidence that glucocorticoid resistance was induced in the cells. Our data suggests a mechanism by which stress may prime the immune system for increased inflammation and suggests that stress and inflammation may be synergistic in the pathogenesis of depression

The Effectiveness of Biopreparations on the Qualitative Properties of Feedstuff

It has been shown that in the process of enrichment of different green grass (silage), using a consortium endemic probiotic LAB strains (which sintesized bacteriocins) and yeast strain of Kluveromyces marxsianus 83(which synthesizing mycocin) led to increasing amounts of essential amino acids (in particular lysine and methionine) and protein. It has been shown that in the content of spore microflora, mold, bacteria contaminating silage was decreased with respect to the control. The technological parameters of silage have been determined

The Effectiveness of Biopreparations on the Qualitative Properties of Feedstuff

It has been shown that in the process of enrichment of different green grass (silage), using a consortium endemic probiotic LAB strains (which sintesized bacteriocins) and yeast strain of Kluveromyces marxsianus 83(which synthesizing mycocin) led to increasing amounts of essential amino acids (in particular lysine and methionine) and protein. It has been shown that in the content of spore microflora, mold, bacteria contaminating silage was decreased with respect to the control. The technological parameters of silage have been determined

Molecular genetic characteristics of colorectal cancer depending on the status of microsatellite instability

Introduction. The emergence of new markers that determine the choice of therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has led to an increase in overall survival. The optimal treatment tactics now take into account both clinical and molecular-genetic characteristics of the tumor.Aim. Investigation of the features of the KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations and amplification of the HER2 gene depending on microsatellite instability (MSI) in CRC.Materials and methods. The study included 400 patients with CRC. MSI, BRAF V600E mutation, mutations in the KRAS and NRAS genes was identified to them. MSI was determined by fragment analysis, and mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF genes by realtime PCR. HER2 amplification was determined in 100 patients with a negative RAS/BRAF. NTRK translocations were determined in all patients with MSI. Data on preoperative levels of CEA and CA19-9 were obtained from 185 patients.Results and discussion. The prevalence of MSI was 6.8%. The prevalence of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF mutations in CRC with MSI was 66.7%, and in CRC with MSS - 52.3%. In patients with MSI, the level of CEA was lower than in MSS (p = 0.0061). The overall prevalence of KRAS and NRAS mutations was 45% and 2.5%. The overall prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation was 5.8% and was more common in MSI-positive tumors (p < 0.0001). Regardless of MSI, BRAF-positive tumors were characterized by right-sided localization (p < 0.0001), category T3-4 (p = 0.013), lymph node involvement (p = 0.004), carcinomatosis (p = 0.046), high levels of CA19-9 (p = 0.014). HER2 amplification was found in 7% of wild-type RAS/BRAF cases and was associated with rectal cancer (p = 0.044), category T3-4 (p = 0.041), and distant metastases (p = 0.038). HER2 amplifications and NTRK translocations were not detected in cases with MSI.Conclusion. MSI-positive CRC had a higher prevalence of mutations in major genes. CRC with the BRAF V600E mutation and HER2 amplification had aggressive clinical and morphological parameters

СЛУЧАЙ УСПЕШНОГО КУПИРОВАНИЯ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ГИПЕРТЕРМИИ БЕЗ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ДАНТРОЛЕНА (клиническое наблюдение)

The article describes the clinical case when malignant hyperthermia was diagnosed in the patients during the cardiac surgery. The patient had anesthesia with desflurane. The state of the patient was stabilized due to timely diagnostics and aggressive therapy with non-specific agents and cardiopulmonary bypass. The article presents different variants of clinical manifestations of this complication, ways of diagnostics and specific therapy. Представлен клинический случай лечения больного, у которого была диагностирована злокачественная гипертермия во время кардиохирургического вмешательства. Больному проводили анестезию с использованием десфлурана. Состояние пациента удалось стабилизировать за счет своевременной диагностики и агрессивной терапии неспецифическими средствами с применением искусственного кровообращения. Рассмотрены различные варианты клинических проявлений этого осложнения, способы диагностики и направления терапии.

Молекулярные маркеры ответа на периоперационную химиотерапию при местно-распространенном раке желудка

Introduction. Perioperative FLOT chemotherapy has improved prognosis in patients with locally advanced resectable gastric cancer (GC). However, in 80 % of cases, the tumor is resistant to the therapy, resulting in unnecessary toxicity and delayed surgical treatment.Aim. Evaluation of clinico-morphological patterns of microsatellite instability, HER2 gene amplification, changes in gene copy number and their relationship with the response to perioperative FLOT chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced resectable GC.Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 185 patients. All tumor samples were assessed for HER2 and microsatellite instability status. Among all cases there were 45 patients with locally advanced T2–4N1–2 M0 GC, who underwent a total or subtotal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy and perioperative chemotherapy with FLOT. Microsatellite instability detection was performed using fragment analysis, HER2 gene amplification testing – fluorescent in situ hybridization. Also 19 patients were tested for copy number changes of the FGFR1, FGFR2, KRAS, MET, EGFR, CCND1, MYC genes using Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. The endpoints were progression-free survival and objective response rate.Results. Microsatellite instability was detected in 4.8 % (9/185) of GC cases. Microsatellite instability was associated with advanced age (p = 0.005), low grade of differentiation (p = 0.011), presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p = 0.0004), and high preoperative CA 72–4 levels (p = 0.025). Prevalence of HER2 amplification was 7.5 % (14/185). It was associated with low grade of differentiation (p = 0.048) and metastasis in regional lymph nodes (p = 0.037). PFS in patients with HER2-positive (HER2 – human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) GC treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy (4/45) was significantly lower than in patients with HER2-negative GC: the median was 156 and 317 days, respectively (hazard ratio 0.49; 95 % confidence interval 0.16–1.47; p = 0.0006). There was no correlation between the presence of the alteration and ORR (p = 1.0). Progression-free survival in GC patients with KRAS amplification (3/19) was significantly lower comparing with patients without it: the median was 98 and 327 days, respectively (hazard ratio 0.29; 95 % confidence interval 0.07–1.19; p <0.0001). There was no association between an increase in KRAS copy number and objective response rate (p = 1.0). For microsatellite instability and other studied markers no statistically significant correlation with progression-free survival and objective response rate was found (p >0.05).Conclusion. The presence of HER2 and KRAS amplification have been shown as promising predictive markers of the treatment failure in patients treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy for locally advanced resectable GC.Введение. Периоперационная химиотерапия по схеме FLOT улучшает прогноз у пациентов с местно-распространенным раком желудка (РЖ). Однако более чем в 50 % случаев новообразование нечувствительно к данной терапии, что, в свою очередь, обусловливает токсичность и отсрочку оперативного вмешательства. Определение молекулярно-генетических предикторов ответа на химиотерапию в режиме FLOT является важной задачей, поскольку позволит оптимизировать подходы к лечению пациентов с местно-распространенным резектабельным РЖ.Цель исследования – оценка клинико-морфологических особенностей микросателлитной нестабильности, амплификации гена HER2, изменения копийности генов, а также их взаимосвязи с ответом на периоперационную химиотерапию в режиме FLOT у больных местно-распространенным РЖ.Материалы и методы. В ретроспективное исследование включены 185 пациентов, у которых исследован статус HER2 и микросателлитной нестабильности. Из них 45 пациентов с РЖ T2–4N1–2M0, которым проведены субтотальная резекция желудка или гастрэктомия с лимфаденэктомией D2 и химиотерапия в режиме FLOT. Определение микросателлитной нестабильности проводилось путем фрагментного анализа, амплификации гена HER2 методом флуоресцентной гибридизации in situ (fluorescence in-situ hybridization, FISH). Также у 19 больныx проанализированы изменения копийности генов KRAS, FGFR1, FGFR2, EGFR, MET, MYC, CCND1 с использованием метода мультиплексной лигазозависимой амплификации зондов (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, MLPA).Результаты. Микросателлитная нестабильность выявлена в 4,8 % (9/185) случаев РЖ. Показана ее взаимосвязь с пожилым возрастом (p = 0,005), низкой степенью дифференцировки (р = 0,011), наличием опухоль-инфильтрирующих лимфоцитов (р = 0,0004) и высоким предоперационным уровнем CA 72–4 (р = 0,025). Распространенность амплификации HER2 составила 7,5 % (14/185) и была ассоциирована с низкой степенью дифференцировки (p = 0,048) и метастазированием в регионарные лимфатические узлы (р = 0,037). У пациентов с HER2-положительным РЖ (HER2 – human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), получавших периоперационную химиотерапию в режиме FLOT (4/45), показатели выживаемости без прогрессирования были достоверно ниже, чем у больных с HER2-отрицательным РЖ: медиана составила 156 и 317 дней соответственно (отношение рисков 0,49; 95 % доверительный интервал 0,16–1,47; p = 0,0006). У больных с амплификацией KRAS (3/19) эти показатели были достоверно ниже по сравнению с больными с ее отсутствием: медиана составила 98 и 327 дней соответственно (отношение рисков 0,29; 95 % доверительный интервал 0,07–1,19; p <0,0001).Заключение. Амплификации HER2 и KRAS могут служить перспективными маркерами ответа у пациентов с местнораспространенным РЖ при проведении периоперационной химиотерапии по схеме FLOT

Клинико-морфологический портрет опухолей с микросателлитной нестабильностью

Background. Microsatellites are short tandem nucleotide repeats, the change in length of which plays a key roles in the pathogenesis of various malignant neoplasms. This change is called microsatellite instability. It is caused by aberrations in the genes of DNA mismatch repair system. Tumors with microsatellite instability are a special subtype regardless of location and are characterized by high sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors.Objective – determination of characteristic clinical and morphological patterns of tumors of various localizations with microsatellite instability.Materials and methods. The study included 512 patients with malignant tumors of different localizations. Of these, 359 patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer, 57 with uterine body cancer, and 57 with stomach cancer. Determination of the status of microsatellite instability was performed by a PCR-based method using 5 mononucleotide markers: BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, NR-27.Results. The prevalence of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer, uterine neoplasm and gastric cancer was 6.4; 22.8 and 1.75 %, respectively. Patients with MSI-positive colorectal cancer are characterized by yonger age (p = 0.023), right-sided localization of the tumor (p <0.0001), presence of multiple primary tumors (p = 0.0299), poorly differentiation (p = 0.0025), mucinous component (p <0.0001), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p <0.0001) and Crohn-like reaction (p = 0.0006). Patients with uterine neoplasms with microsatellite instability are characterized by the presence of endometrial adenocarcinoma (p = 0.047), as well as the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p = 0.0022) and cribriform growth (p = 0.0011).Conclusion. A common pattern for colorectal cancer and uterine neoplasms is the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Certain clinical and morphological features of tumors of these localizations will more accurately identify candidates for microsatellite instability status determination for further immunotherapy.Введение. Микросателлиты представляют собой короткие тандемные повторы нуклеотидов, изменение длины которых играет ключевую роль в патогенезе различных злокачественных новообразований. Такое изменение называется микросателлитной нестабильностью. Она обусловлена аберрациями в генах системы исправления ошибок репликации. Опухоли с микросателлитной нестабильностью – это особый подтип злокачественных новообразований, характеризующийся высокой чувствительностью к ингибиторам контрольных точек иммунитета.Цель исследования – определение характерных клинико-морфологических паттернов опухолей различных локализаций с микросателлитной нестабильностью.Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 512 пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями различных локализаций. У 359 из них был колоректальный рак, у 57 – рак тела матки, у 57 – рак желудка. Определение статуса микросателлитной нестабильности проводилось на основе метода полимеразной цепной реакции с использованием 5 мононуклеотидных маркеров: BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, NR-27.Результаты. Показатели распространенности микросателлитной нестабильности при колоректальном раке, раке тела матки и желудка составили 6,4; 22,8 и 1,75 % соответственно. Для пациентов с колоректальным раком с микросателлитной нестабильностью характерны более молодой возраст (p = 0,023), правосторонняя локализация опухоли (p <0,0001), наличие первично-множественных опухолей (p = 0,0299), муцинозного компонента (p <0,0001), лимфоцитов, инфильтрирующих опухоль (p <0,0001), Крон-подобная реакция (p = 0,0006), а также низкая степень дифференцировки (p = 0,0025). У больных раком тела матки с микросателлитной нестабильностью были обнаружены эндометриоидная аденокарцинома (p = 0,047), лимфоциты, инфильтрующие опухоль (p = 0,0022) и крибриформный тип строения опухолей (p = 0,0011).Заключение. Общим паттерном для колоректального рака и рака тела матки является наличие лимфоцитов, инфильтрующих опухоль. Клинико-морфологические особенности новообразований данных локализаций позволят выявить пациентов с опухолями с микросателлитной нестабильностью и провести в дальнейшем иммунотерапию