Analisis Implikasi UU 35/2009 dan UU 36/2009 dalam Pengembangan Strategi Kebijakan Pencegahan dan Terapi Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Psikotropika dan Zat Adiktif (Napza) di Indonesia

Background: Substance use disorder is serious problem nationally and globally, although its controlling effort is more considered as criminal rather than health matters. This probably due to the tight regulation of the substance which make illegal use of it is considered as law violation. Commitment of Indonesian government is very strong by setting up aNational Narcotics Bureau (BNN as coordinating and implementing body on narcotics related activities, including therapy and rehabilitation. There are at least five ministries involved in narcotics related activities. However there is different level of the narcotics office in each ministries, reflected their prioirty. Narcotics laws No. 35/2009 provides MOH the right to receive report from therapy and rehabilitation institutions. However it is not clearly stated that MOH is the only resposible body for such report, which meant that Narcotics bureau could also receive the report from its district branches in provinces which previously under the Provincial office. This article reviews the implementation of Narcotics Law No. 35/2009 and Health Law No. 36/2009 for narcotic patients ini DKI, DIY, Jabar, Jatim dan Bali. Methods: The objective is to provide inputs for prevention and treatment policy development to stirr more sinergism and coordinated among related institution. Results: The review identified that narcotic Law UU 35/2009 stated Provincial Narcotic Bureau (BNP) as part of BNN, not part of provincial institution as it used to be. This imply that BNP could have power to regulate treatment and rehabilitation. Provinces need law regulation for coordination between BNP and other provincial institutions, such as health office. social affair office, primary health care and district/provincial hospitals. Health financing is the most important issue whtch need clear regulation because involving several stakeholders, such as ministry of health, BNN, governor and ministry of human affairs

Affiliation of Indonesian audit firms with Big4 and second-tier audit firms and the cost of debt

This paper documents that in Indonesia, where litigation risk is low and foreign audit firms can only enter the market through affiliation with a local audit firm, the appointment of a local audit firm affiliated either with a Big4 or a second-tier audit firm reduces the cost of debt for listed companies significantly. This finding holds irrespective of the risk profile of the client and is independent of whether or not we control for endogenous auditor choice. There is less conclusive evidence of a difference in the magnitude of the effect of Big4 affiliation versus affiliation with a second-tier audit firm. Our evidence is in line with the idea that Big4 and second-tier audit firms are perceived as applying uniform quality criteria around the world, regardless of the local circumstances in which they operate

Borobudur, a Basin under Volcanic Influence: 361,000 Years BP to Present

Borobudur basin is located in Central Java (Indonesia), 30 km to the North of Yogyakarta City. The basin is famous for its UNESCO world heritage temple and for one of the world\u27s most active volcanoes, Merapi, located to the East of Borobudur basin. Merapi is one of the three andesitic volcanoes that surround the basin: Merapi, Merbabu and Sumbing volcanoes. Therefore, volcanic activity has strongly influenced the evolution of Borobudur basin. The object of this contribution is to present the evolution of Borobudur basin over the last 161,000 years in the light of volcanic influence. The methodology and tools developed for this research span over different areas of expertise, from geochemistry, geology and geomorphology to remote sensing, GIS and archeology. Results highlight the following points: Two major volcanic events deposited volcaniclastic materials up to tens of meters thick ~ 119,000 years BP and ~ 31,000 years BP. in the Southern part of the Borobudur basin. The second volcanic event could correspond to the collapse of the older Ancient Merapi (Camus et al., 2000) or Proto-Merapi Stage (Newhall et al., 2000). There is no trace in the Borobudur basin of a large debris avalanche \u3c 31,000 BP, indicating that the young debris avalanche inferred in the literature for Merapi Volcano was either too small to reach 20 km from the actual summit of Merapi; or, despite the orientation of the avalanche caldera rim on Merapi Volcano, the debris avalanche was deposited more towards the South, completely eroded or covered by younger deposits. There are several generations of paleolakes in the Borobudur basin. The latest one has shrunk until historical times, corroborating the theory of Newhall et al. (2000) and Murwanto et al. (2004) that Borobudur Temple was standing by a water body. Most of these paleolakes were impounded following volcanic events. Paleolakes most probably originated from the blockage of the hydrographic network by volcanic material. Borobudur temple was never buried under volcanic material during historic times