Synthetic seeds: A review in agriculture and forestry

Production of synthetic seeds has unraveled new vistas in in vitro plant propagation technology, because it offers many useful advantages on a commercial scale for the propagation of a variety of crop plants. These tools provide methods for production of synthetic seeds for conversion into plantlets under in vitro and in vivo conditions. This technology is useful for multiplying and conserving the elite agricultural and endangered medicinal plant species, which are difficult to regenerate through conventional methods and natural seeds. The synthetic seed technology was developed in different economically important plant species such as vegetable crops, forage legumes, industrially important crops, cereals, spices, plantation crops, fruit crops, ornamental plants, orchids, medicinal plants and wood yielding forest trees etc. All these aspects are presented in this review.Key words: Synthetic seeds, in vitro, in vivo plant propagation

Experimental Investigation of Ice Accretion Effect On NACA 0018 Airfoil

Accretion of ice on aircraft wing is one of the most significant hazards to the safe and efficient operation of aircraft as it can reduce aircraft performance in a number of ways. Ice particles adhere to the wing surfaces and become a part of the wings itself. This tends to change the profile of airplane wings and degrades their aerodynamic properties. It reduces aircraft efficiency by increasing weight, reducing lift, decreasing thrust, and increasing drag. The present work focuses on the aerodynamic performance of a twin horn iced airfoil. In this, an artificial twin horn iced wooden layer is fabricated out of soft wood material which is mounted onto a NACA 0018 Airfoil which is suitable to test in the 30cm×30cm test section of low speed wind tunnel with different angles of attack from -20˚ to 20˚ for an increment of 5˚. Experiments are carried out to study static pressure distribution, drag and lift variations over blank airfoil and Twin Horn Iced Airfoil. Raw data from the wind tunnel is processed and pressure, lift and drag coefficients are calculated using mathematical equations. The aerodynamic performance of a blank airfoil proved to be considerably better compared to twin horn iced airfoil

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF Paracalyx scariosus (ROXB.) ALI A WILD RELATIVE OF CAJANUS FROM SOUTHERN PENINSULAR INDIA

Seeds of Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali locally known as ";;adavi tellakandulu";; in Telugu, used as food by local tribes people in the Rollapenta forest, Kurnool district, Nallamalais of Andhra Pradesh of southern Peninsular India. The mature seed samples were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed protein fractions, amino acid composition, fatty acids profile, mineral and antinutritional factors. They contained higher amount of crude protein, crude fat, ash and nitrogen free extractives constitute 20.56, 5.19, 5.12 and 56.25 % respectively of the seed weight. The calorific value of 100g dry matter of seed material was 1680.92 kJ DM. The essential amino acids, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, were present in relatively large quantities.  The fatty acid profiles revealed that the seed lipids contained higher concentrations of palmitic and linoleic acids. The seeds are rich in sodium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, manganese and iron. Anti-nutritional factors such as total free phenols, (5.56%) tannins (2.78%), L -DOPA (0.63%), hydrogen cyanide (0.065%) and phytic acid (0.85%) are present in variable quantities. From the results these plant have a good potential as food crops in Andhra Pradesh.  This paper presents the chemical composition and nutritional potential of Paracalyx scariosus seeds with regard to its suitability as a regular component in human diet

High frequency somatic embryogenesis in <i style="">Ceropegia spiralis</i> Wight—An endemic and endangered medicinal plant

414-418Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis in Ceropegia spiralis was achieved in the present investigation. Callus was obtained from nodes, internodes and thin cell layers (TCLs) of the plant. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with N-6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) with different concentrations of auxins. Extensive callusing of TCLs (99.93±0.26%) was observed on the medium containing BAP (13.32 M) with 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D, 4.52 M). On MS medium supplemented with kinetin (Kn, 4.56 M)+casein (250 mg/L) the highest number (8.40±1.14) of germinating somatic embryo was noticed. The ontogeny of the somatic embryos was also observed. The emblings were transferred to pots containing vermiculite and coco peat in 1:1 ratio. On transfer to the shaded green house for hardening, vigorous growth of plantlets was observed. Eventually, plantlets were transferred in the open field after 50 d with 85% survival rate

Induction of Morphogenetic Callus and Multiple Shoot Regeneration in Ceropegia pusilla Wight and Arn.

Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the most suitable concentration of plant growth regulators and perfect explant (node, internode and thin cell layer explants-TCLs) for callus induction and subsequent organogenesis in an endangered medicinal Ceropegia pusilla. The best callus induction was found on the MS 1 medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 13.32 µM LG + 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) 1 0.45 µM LG from TCLs. After the initiation of the callus, it was immediately transferred to MS medium supplemented with BAP along with other auxins like 2, 4-D, Indol-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA). The regenerative calli were raised on the MS medium supplemented 1 with 1.13 µM LG of 2,4-D. Whereas, the organogenic calli was raised on the medium containing 22.7, 40.86

Impact Analysis of a Car Bumper For Various Speeds Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Poly Ether Imide and S2 Glass Epoxy Materials By Solid Works software

Abstract Bumper is one of the main parts which are used as protection for passengers from front and rear collision. The aim of this study was to analyze and study the structure and material employed for car bumper in one of the car manufacturer. In this study, the most important variables like material, structures, shapes and impact conditions are studied for analysis of the bumper beam in order to improve the crash worthiness during collision. The simulation of a bumper is characterized by impact modelling using Pro/Engineer, impact analysis is done by SOILD WORKS according to the speed that is 13.3 m/sec (48 km/h) given in order to analyze the results. This speed is according to regulations of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, FMVSS 208 Occupant Crash Protection whereby the purpose and scope of this standard specifies requirements to afford impact protection for passengers. In this research, analysis is done for speed according to regulations and also by increasing speed is33.3 m/sec (120 km/h). Simulation using Finite Element Analysis software, which is SOILD WORKS, was conducted. The material used for bumper is CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED POLY-ETHER-IMIDE PEI and S2 Glass Epoxy

Hypericumgaitii Haines (Hypericaceae), a new Record for Southern Peninsular India

Volume: 101Start Page: 189End Page: 19

Desmodium desv. (Faboideae) in Eastern Ghats, India: A systematic survey

Volume: 95Start Page: 536End Page: 54

Micropropagation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Stemona tuberosa</i> Lour.—An endangered and rare medicinal plant in Eastern Ghats of India

420-424An in vitro technique of multiple plantlet regeneration was developed for conservation of endangered wild medicinal plant Stemona tuberosa Lour.. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 7.0 mg/L Kn (kinetin) was found to be the optimum for axillary bud proliferation and multiple shoot induction. Excision and culture of nodal segments from the in vitro-shoots on medium containing 7.0 mg/L Kn and 4.0 mg/L TDZ (thidiazuron) showed maximum number of shoot multiplication with 7.10±0.37 shoots/node. Rapid shoot growth with simultaneous tuberous root formation was also observed in the same concentration. Shoots developed were rooted best on ½ strength MS with 1.0 mg/L IAA (indole acetic acid). Plantlets established in pots exhibited 85% survival. Plantlets successfully established in field exhibited morphological characters identical to mother plants. </span

A Comprehensive Review of Self-Healing Polymer, Metal, and Ceramic Matrix Composites and Their Modeling Aspects for Aerospace Applications

Composites can be divided into three groups based on their matrix materials, namely polymer, metal and ceramic. Composite materials fail due to micro cracks. Repairing is complex and almost impossible if cracks appear on the surface and interior, which minimizes reliability and material life. In order to save the material from failure and prolong its lifetime without compromising mechanical properties, self-healing is one of the emerging and best techniques. The studies to address the advantages and challenges of self-healing properties of different matrix materials are very limited; however, this review addresses all three different groups of composites. Self-healing composites are fabricated to heal cracks, prevent any obstructed failure, and improve the lifetime of structures. They can self-diagnose their structure after being affected by external forces and repair damages and cracks to a certain degree. This review aims to provide information on the recent developments and prospects of self-healing composites and their applications in various fields such as aerospace, automobiles etc. Fabrication and characterization techniques as well as intrinsic and extrinsic self-healing techniques are discussed based on the latest achievements, including microcapsule embedment, fibers embedment, and vascular networks self-healing