Air-steam gasification of sewage sludge in a fluidized bed. Influence of some operating conditions

An experimental work was carried out to investigate the viability of energy recovery from the air–steam gasification of sewage sludge. The relative influence of different factors, as well as the effect of their possible interactions, has been determined by means of analysis of variance. Temperature was found to be the most influential factor for most of the variables analyzed. Solid yield (35–41 wt.%) and tar content (11–45 g/m3 STP) were largely reduced with temperature, whereas gas production (0:89 -- 1:32 m3 STP/kg sewage sludge dry and ash free), carbon yield to gas phase (62–90 wt.%), gasification efficiency (39–66%), and H2 and CO yields (20–52 and 137–414 g/kg sewage sludge dry and ash free, respectively) were improved at high temperature. Other important parameters for the end-use of the gas such as its heating value (4.12–6.20 MJ/m3 STP) and its H2/CO molar ratio (1.46–3.25) were greatly influenced by the composition of the gasification medium, since the increase in the steam to oxygen ratio was favorable for both. The comparison of experimental and theoretical results highlights that equilibrium was not reached during the experimental run

Biorefinery of biomass of agro-Industrial banana waste to obtain high-value biopolymers

On a worldwide scale, food demand is increasing as a consequence of global population growth. This makes companies push their food supply chains’ limits with a consequent increase in generation of large amounts of untreated waste that are considered of no value to them. Biorefinery technologies offer a suitable alternative for obtaining high-value products by using unconventional raw materials, such as agro-industrial waste. Currently, most biorefineries aim to take advantage of specific residues (by either chemical, biotechnological, or physical treatments) provided by agro-industry in order to develop high-value products for either in-house use or for sale purposes. This article reviews the currently explored possibilities to apply biorefinery-known processes to banana agro-industrial waste in order to generate high-value products out of this residual biomass source. Firstly, the Central and Latin American context regarding biomass and banana residues is presented, followed by advantages of using banana residues as raw materials for the production of distinct biofuels, nanocellulose fibers, different bioplastics, and other high-value products Lastly, additional uses of banana biomass residues are presented, including energy generation and water treatmen

Structural and functional findings in patients with moderate diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To evaluate structural and functional ocular changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and moderate diabetic retinopathy (DR) without apparent diabetic macular edema (DME) assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and microperimetry. Methods: This was a single-center cross-sectional descriptive study for which 75 healthy controls and 48 DM2 patients with moderate DR were included after applying exclusion criteria (one eye per patient was included). All eyes underwent a complete ophthalmic examination (axial length, macular imaging with swept-source OCT, and MAIA microperimetry). Macular thicknesses, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thicknesses, and central retinal sensitivity were compared between groups, and the relationships between the OCT and microperimetry parameters were evaluated. Results: Macular thickness was similar in both groups (242.17 ± 35.0 in the DM2 group vs 260.64 ± 73.9 in the control group). There was a diminution in the parafoveal area thickness in the DM2 group in the GCC complex. Retinal sensitivity was reduced in all sectors in the DM2 group. The central global value was 24.01 ± 5.7 in the DM2 group and 27.31 ± 2.7 in the control group (p < 0.001). Macular integrity was 80.89 ± 26.4 vs 64.70 ± 28.3 (p < 0.001) and total mean threshold was 23.90 ± 4.9 vs 26.48 ± 2.6 (p < 0.001) in the DM2 and control group, respectively. Moderate correlations were detected between the central sector of MAIA microperimetry and retina total central thickness (- 0.347; p = 0.0035). Age, visual acuity, and hemoglobin A1c levels also correlated with retinal sensitivity. Conclusion: Macular GCC thickness and central retinal sensitivity were reduced in patients with moderate DR without DME, suggesting the presence of macular neurodegeneration.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s)

Novel intravesical bacterial immunotherapy induces rejection of BCG-unresponsive established bladder tumors

Background Intravesical BCG is the gold-standard therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC); however, it still fails in a significant proportion of patients, so improved treatment options are urgently needed. Methods Here, we compared BCG antitumoral efficacy with another live attenuated mycobacteria, MTBVAC, in an orthotopic mouse model of bladder cancer (BC). We aimed to identify both bacterial and host immunological factors to understand the antitumoral mechanisms behind effective bacterial immunotherapy for BC. Results We found that the expression of the BCG-absent proteins ESAT6/CFP10 by MTBVAC was determinant in mediating bladder colonization by the bacteria, which correlated with augmented antitumoral efficacy. We further analyzed the mechanism of action of bacterial immunotherapy and found that it critically relied on the adaptive cytotoxic response. MTBVAC enhanced both tumor antigen-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses, in a process dependent on stimulation of type 1 conventional dendritic cells. Importantly, improved intravesical bacterial immunotherapy using MBTVAC induced eradication of fully established bladder tumors, both as a monotherapy and specially in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor antiprogrammed cell death ligand 1 (anti PD-L1). Conclusion These results contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms behind successful bacterial immunotherapy against BC and characterize a novel therapeutic approach for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC cases. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ

Prevalencia de anomalías coronarias detectadas por tomografía computarizada en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular - INCOR

Objective: To determine the prevalence of coronary anomalies (CA) in patients evaluated by 64-detector computed tomography (CT) at the Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular in Peru between 2016 and 2020. Materials and methods: Retrospective observational study, coronary artery CT scans of 1486 patients were performed on a 64-detector row CT scanner and reviewed in search for coronary anomalies. Results: The prevalence of CA detected by CT was 4.71% (70 cases) of which 64.3% were male. Abnormalities of origin were the most frequent, of which the origin of a coronary artery from the opposite coronary sinus was the most common (48.6%), with the right coronary being the main anomalous artery (31%), and the main path was interarterial (31%). Anomalous origin of the left main coronary from the pulmonary artery was found in 5 patients. Among the anomalies of the intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy the most frequent was the double left anterior descending artery (10%). Coronary fistulas accounted for 11.4% of cases. Conclusions: The prevalence of CA detected by 64-detector CT in a Peruvian institute was 4.71%. The most frequent coronary anomaly was the origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus with interarterial trajectory.Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de anomalías coronarias (AC) en pacientes evaluados por tomografía computarizada (TC) de 64 detectores en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular en el Perú entre los años 2016 a 2020. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo, en el cual se revisaron las TC de arterias coronarias de 1486 pacientes, realizadas en un tomógrafo de 64 filas de detectores, en busca de anomalías coronarias. Resultados: la prevalencia de AC detectada por TC fue de 4,71% (70 casos) de ellos 64,3% varones. Las anomalías de origen fueron las más frecuentes, de ellas el nacimiento de una arteria coronaria desde el seno coronariano opuesto fue la más común (48,6%), siendo la coronaria derecha la principal arteria anómala (31%), y el principal trayecto fue el interarterial (31%). El origen anómalo del tronco coronario izquierdo desde la arteria pulmonar se encontró en cinco pacientes. Entre las anomalías de la anatomía arterial coronaria intrínseca, la principal fue la doble arteria descendente anterior (10%). Las fístulas coronarias representaron el 11,4% de casos. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de AC detectadas por TC de 64 detectores en un instituto del Perú fue de 4,71%. La principal anomalía coronaria fue el origen de la arteria coronaria derecha desde el seno coronariano izquierdo con trayecto interarterial

Nuevos datos sobre la estratigrafía de subsuelo del acuífero de Torrevieja (Alicante): implicaciones en el modelo conceptual de funcionamiento.

El análisis estratigráfico de sondeos de investigación realizados en el acuifera de Torrevieja pone de manifiesto la coincidencia de las unidades hidrogeológicas con las estratigráficas y permite una mayor precisión en la definición de las primeras al poder constatar que las variaciones internas dentro de las unidades estratigráficas tienen reflejo en la geometria de los acuiferos y los parámetros hidrogeológicos. Asi mismo, la interpretación genética de los sedimentos y la caracterización de las discontinuidades que los limitan permiten realizar una extrapolación predictiva de las caracteristicas geológicas de subsuelo que pueden ser aplicadas a la modelización de las unidades hidrogeológicas

Análisis cuantitativo del corazón en imágenes 4DCT en pacientes con taquicardia ventricular recurrente o refractaria

La taquicardia ventricular es un tipo de arritmia causado por señales eléctricas anormales que impiden el correcto funcionamiento de los ventrículos. Uno de los tratamientos más habituales para tratar esta patología consiste en realizar una ablación cardíaca. Cuando no se corrige la taquicardia ventricular mediante la acción de fármacos o la ablación por radiofrecuencia, a esta se considera refractaria o recurrente. La ablación cardíaca por radioterapia consiste en depositar una dosis de radiación de aproximadamente 25 Gy en una única sesión de radioterapia en la región arritmiogénica previamente delimitada. En este trabajo se estudia imágenes de pacientes con taquicardia ventricular tratados con ablación cardíaca mediante radioterapia. Se desarrolla una metodología para la extracción de 107 características cuantificables de las imágenes 4DCT de los pacientes con cardiopatías, para posteriormente observar si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas con las extraídas a partir de una región de interés semejante de un grupo control. Para segmentar la región de interés en los pacientes sin cardiopatías se implementa un algoritmo que realiza dicha segmentación mediante el empleo de las estructuras anatómicas de los pacientes tratados con ablación cardíaca como referencia. Para el análisis estadístico se realiza una doble reducción de dimensionalidad para obtener las características estadísticamente significativas como potenciales biomarcadores. Tras el análisis de las regiones de interés distintas y del corazón completo, las características que muestran mayor potencial como biomarcador son las pertenecientes a la matriz de coocurrencia de niveles de grises.Este trabajo se ha realizado dentro del marco de la comunidad EELISA Health in the City

Bevacizumab plus preoperative chemotherapy in operable HER2 negative breast cancer: biomarkers and pathologic response

Purpose: The primary aim of this trial was to assess the rate of pathologic complete responses (pCR) of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by bevacizumab/docetaxel (BT), as neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer (BC). Furthermore, the association between biomarkers and the pCR was explored. Methods: Patients with HER-negative operable stage II–III BC ≥2 cm were enrolled. Four cycles of AC (A 60 mg/m2 and C 600 mg/m2, every 3 weeks) followed by 4 cycles of BT (B 15 mg/kg and T 75 mg/m2, every 3 weeks), were planned. A core-biopsy was performed for biological markers assessment. Results: Seventy-two women were included. Forty-three (63 %) patients were hormone receptor-positive. Sixty-four (89 %) completed the planned treatment, and 66 evaluable patients underwent surgery (92 %): a pCR was achieved in 16 of them (24, 95 % CI 15–36 %). pCR was significantly higher in tumors hormone receptor-negative, and in those with Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) protein overexpression. The overall clinical response rate was 86 % (95 % CI 76–93 %), including 42 complete responses. No unexpected toxicities or treatment-related deaths were observed. Conclusion: This regimen showed a remarkable clinical and pathological activity: the suggested relation between pCR and AGTR1 overexpression should be confirmed in larger trials.Financial support for this research was provided by Roche Farma, S.A

The genomic basis of army ant chemosensory adaptations

The evolution of mass raiding has allowed army ants to become dominant arthropod predators in the tropics. Although a century of research has led to many discoveries about behavioural, morphological and physiological adaptations in army ants, almost nothing is known about the molecular basis of army ant biology. Here we report the genome of the iconic New World army ant Eciton burchellii, and show that it is unusu-ally compact, with a reduced gene complement relative to other ants. In contrast to this overall reduction, a particular gene subfamily (9-exon ORs) expressed predomi-nantly in female antennae is expanded. This subfamily has previously been linked to the recognition of hydrocarbons, key olfactory cues used in insect communication and prey discrimination. Confocal microscopy of the brain showed a correspond-ing expansion in a putative hydrocarbon response centre within the antennal lobe, while scanning electron microscopy of the antenna revealed a particularly high den-sity of hydrocarbon-sensitive sensory hairs. E. burchellii shares these features with its predatory and more cryptic relative, the clonal raider ant. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic and anatomical analyses in a comparative context, our work thus pro-vides evidence that army ants and their relatives possess a suite of modifications in the chemosensory system that may be involved in behavioural coordination and prey selection during social predation. It also lays the groundwork for future studies of army ant biology at the molecular level.National Science Foundation/[NSF IOS 1916995]/NSF/Estados UnidosNational Science Foundation/[NSF DEB 1900357]/NSF/Estados UnidosUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison/[BE 5177/4-1]//Estados UnidosUniversidad de Costa Rica/[810-B3-273]/UCR/Costa RicaNational Institutes of Health/[GM066699]/NIH/Estados UnidosMarie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship/[ID 797969]/MSCA IF/BélgicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de Medicin

Microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of Ni-Zn ferrites prepared by Powder Injection Moulding

Nowadays, the electronic industry demands small and complex parts as a consequence of the miniaturization of electronic devices. Powder injection moulding (PIM) is an emerging technique for the manufacturing of magnetic ceramics. In this paper, we analyze the sintering process, between 900 °C and 1300 °C, of Ni–Zn ferrites prepared by PIM. In particular, the densification behaviour, microstructure and mechanical properties of samples with toroidal and bar geometry were analyzed at different temperatures. Additionally, the magnetic behaviour (complex permeability and magnetic losses factor) of these compacts was compared with that of samples prepared by conventional powder compaction. Finally, the mechanical behaviour (elastic modulus, flexure strength and fracture toughness) was analyzed as a function of the powder loading of feedstock. The final microstructure of prepared samples was correlated with the macroscopic behaviour. A good agreement was established between the densities and population of defects found in the materials depending on the sintering conditions. In general, the final mechanical and magnetic properties of PIM samples were enhanced relative those obtained by uniaxial compaction