Ciberseguridad y desarrollo de habilidades digitales: propuesta de alfabetización digital en edades tempranas

Children are the most vulnerable segment of this cyberphysical society and can be easily exploited due to their level of perception of cyber risk. Starting education and the development of digital skills at an early age encourages this population topursue professional careers such as cybersecurity in the future and contribute in a sustainable way to closing the gap in the workforce. Using a qualitative approach, a documentary review, a literature review, and consultation with academic experts are carried out to propose a digital literacy program at an early age. As a case study, the Digital Literacy Program of the International University of the Americas of Costa Rica and the experiences with the Cybersecurity Workshop for Children are presented. Workshop aimed at the development of digital skills, cyber well-being at an early age and children’s interest in following new professional careers. It aims to reduce the gap in the workforce in cybersecurity positions with training programs at an early age, raising awareness about cybersecurity risks, their evolution, their impact on society and highlighting their importance in a world increasingly driven by technology.Los niños son el segmento más vulnerable de esta sociedad ciberfísica, pudiendo ser fácilmente explotados por su bajo nivel de percepción del riesgo cibernético. Iniciar la educación y el desarrollo de habilidades digitales en edades tempranas incentiva a esta población a seguir en el futuro carreras profesionales como ciberseguridad, aportando de manera sostenible a cerrar la brecha de la fuerza laboral en este campo. Mediante un enfoque cualitativo, se realizó una revisión documental, una revisión de la literatura y una consulta a expertos académicos, para proponer un programa de alfabetización digital en edades tempranas. A manera de caso de estudio se presenta el Programa de Alfabetización Digital de la Universidad Internacional de las Américas de Costa Rica y las experiencias con el Taller de Ciberseguridad para Niños, dirigido hacia el desarrollo de habilidades digitales, el bienestar cibernético en edades tempranas y el interés de los niños en seguir nuevas carreras profesionales. Se propone reducir la brecha de la fuerza laboral en puestos sobre ciberseguridad a través de programas de formación en edades tempranas, que concienticen sobre los riesgos en seguridad cibernética, su evolución, su impacto en la sociedad y destaquen su importancia en un mundo cada vez más dominado por la tecnología

Comparison of Night, Day and 24 h Motor Activity Data for the Classification of Depressive Episodes

Major Depression Disease has been increasing in the last few years, affecting around 7 percent of the world population, but nowadays techniques to diagnose it are outdated and inefficient. Motor activity data in the last decade is presented as a better way to diagnose, treat and monitor patients suffering from this illness, this is achieved through the use of machine learning algorithms. Disturbances in the circadian rhythm of mental illness patients increase the effectiveness of the data mining process. In this paper, a comparison of motor activity data from the night, day and full day is carried out through a data mining process using the Random Forest classifier to identified depressive and non-depressive episodes. Data from Depressjon dataset is split into three different subsets and 24 features in time and frequency domain are extracted to select the best model to be used in the classification of depression episodes. The results showed that the best dataset and model to realize the classification of depressive episodes is the night motor activity data with 99.37% of sensitivity and 99.91% of specificity

Miradas y voces de la investigación educativa I

Fil: Ferreyra, Horacio Ademar. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; ArgentinaFil: Calneggia, María Isabel. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; ArgentinaFil: Di Francesco, Adriana Carlota. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación; Argentin

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites of Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni sloths in captivity from Costa Rica

Sloths may serve as host to a wide range of parasites. However, there is little information available on the types of parasites that affect Costa Rica's sloth population. During a 1-yr period, 65 specimens of Costa Rican sloth species (Choloepus hoffmanni; n = 56) and Bradypus variegates; n = 9) from a local zoo were sampled. Fecal samples were evaluated using two different diagnostic techniques, Sheather's flotation and sedimentation. Concurrently, these sloths were examined for ectoparasites. Gastrointestinal parasites were found in 14 sloths (21.5%), from which 13 animals were C. hofffmanni and one was B. variegatus. Gastrointestinal parasites were recognized as Coccidia 71.4% (10/14), Cestoda 21.4% (3/14), and Spiruroidea 7.1% (1/14). Coccidia and cestodes were seen in C. hoffinanni, and spirurids were identified in B. variegatus. Among 27 sloths examined, only six had dermal problems (five C. hoffmanni and two B. variegatus). Ectoparasites recovered were Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari, Sarcoptidae) mites and Amblyomma varium (Acari, Ixodidae) ticks. This is the first time that cestode strobilae and nematode eggs are reported in sloth feces and that Monezia benedeni and L. leptocephalus were found in captive sloths.Los perezosos pueden ser huéspedes de una amplia gama de parásitos. Sin embargo, hay poca información disponible sobre los tipos de parásitos que afectan a la población de perezosos de Costa Rica. Durante un periodo de 1 año, se tomaron muestras de 65 especímenes de especies de perezosos costarricenses (Choloepus hoffmanni; n = 56) y Bradypus variegates; n = 9) de un zoológico local. Las muestras fecales se evaluaron mediante dos técnicas de diagnóstico diferentes, la flotación de Sheather y la sedimentación. Al mismo tiempo, se examinaron estos perezosos en busca de ectoparásitos. Se encontraron parásitos gastrointestinales en 14 perezosos (21,5%), de los cuales 13 animales eran C. hofffmanni y uno era B. variegatus. Los parásitos gastrointestinales fueron reconocidos como Coccidia 71,4% (10/14), Cestoda 21,4% (3/14) y Spiruroidea 7,1% (1/14). Se observaron coccidios y cestodos en C. hoffinanni, y se identificaron espirúridos en B. variegatus. De los 27 perezosos examinados, sólo seis tenían problemas dérmicos (cinco C. hoffmanni y dos B. variegatus). Los ectoparásitos recuperados fueron los ácaros Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari, Sarcoptidae) y las garrapatas Amblyomma varium (Acari, Ixodidae). Es la primera vez que se informa de la presencia de huevos de cestodos y nematodos en las heces de los perezosos y que se encuentran Monezia benedeni y L. leptocephalus en perezosos cautivos.Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.Escuela de Medicina Veterinari

Cost-effectiveness of conventional cytology and HPV DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in Colombia Costo-efectividad de la citología y la tamización con pruebas de ADN-VPH para cáncer de cuello uterino en Colombia

OBJECTIVE: To assess cost-effectiveness of conventional cytology and HPV DNA testing for cervical-cancer screening in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The National Cancer Institute of Colombia (NCIC) in 2007 developed a Markov model on the natural history of cervical cancer; no screening, conventional cytology, and HPV DNA testing were compared. Only direct costs were used. Outcomes comprise cervical cancer mortality, years of life saved, and lifetime costs. Discounted incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated and sensitivity analyses were conducted for key parameters. RESULTS: Depending on the screening strategy a 69-81% mortality reduction might be expected. The HPV DNA testing every five years is a cost-effective strategy (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER): USD$44/YLS) if the cost per test is under USD$31. The effectiveness was sensitive to coverage and primarily to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: HPV DNA testing is a cost-effective alternative for screening in Colombia. Not only high coverage but high follow-up rates are critical for successful screening programs.OBJETIVO: evaluar el costo-efectividad de la citología convencional y la prueba de ADN-VPH para tamización de cáncer cervical en Colombia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia construyó en 2007 un modelo de Markov de historia natural del cáncer cervical. Se comparó "no tamización", citología convencional y prueba de ADN-VPH. Se utilizaron costos directos. Los desenlaces fueron mortalidad, años de vida ganados y costos. Se calcularon razones de costo-efectividad incremental. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad para parámetros clave. RESULTADOS: la mortalidad se redujo 69-81% según la estrategia. La tamización con ADN-VPH cada cinco años es costo-efectiva (ICER (Razón de Costo-Efectividad incremental por sus siglas en inglés): 44 dólares por año de vida saludable) si los costos por prueba son menores a 31 dólares. La efectividad fue más sensible al seguimiento que a la cobertura. CONCLUSIONES: La tamización con prueba ADN-VPH es costo-efectiva para Colombia. No solamente altas coberturas, sino también altos porcentajes de seguimiento son críticos para el éxito de la tamización

Arsenic levels present in water supply systems of Chorotega and Huetar Northern Regions of Costa Rica, Central America

Se determinaron las concentraciones de Arsénico (As) presentes en muestras de agua para uso y consumo humano recolectadas en 106 operadores comunales de sistemas de abastecimiento en las regiones Chorotega y Huetar Norte de Costa Rica durante 2013-2017. A las muestras que registraron concentraciones de As por encima de la norma nacional se le evaluaron los restantes parámetros incluidos en el nivel N2 del Reglamento para agua potable de Costa Rica. La determinación de arsénico se hizo utilizando espectrometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito. Los principales incumplimientos se registraron en los distritos de Bagaces y Cañas mientras que en la Región Huetar Norte se presentan en Agua Zarcas y Los Chiles. En estos distritos se registra un nivel de incumplimiento de la norma nacional (10 μg/l) que varía desde 66,7 % en el caso de Los Chiles hasta un 50 % en Cañas. Los sistemas que presentan incumplimientos no registraron variaciones temporales significativas en las concentraciones de As en el periodo 2013-2017. Al analizar los parámetros de correlaciones significativas registradas entre el As y las otras especies analizadas se obtiene información valiosa relacionada con los procesos hidrogeoquímicos que determinan la presencia de este metaloide.Arsenic (As) concentrations in water samples for human consumption and use were determined in 106 communal supply system operators in the Chorotega and Huetar Norte regions of Costa Rica during 2013-2017. The samples that recorded As concentrations above the national standard were evaluated for the remaining parameters included in level N3 of the Regulation for drinking water of Costa Rica. The determination of arsenic was made using atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace. The main non-compliances were registered in the districts of Bagaces and Cañas, while in the Huetar Norte region they are presented in Agua Zarcas and Los Chiles. In these districts there is a level of non-compliance with the national standard (10 μg / l) that varies from 66.7% in the case of Los Chiles to 50% in Cañas. The systems that present breaches by As did not register significant temporal variations in the 2013-2017 period. When analyzing the parameters of significant correlations recorded between the As and the other species analyzed, valuable information is obtained related to the hydrogeochemical processes that determine the presence of this metalloid.Universidad Nacional, Costa Ric

Machine Learning Model Based on Lipidomic Profile Information to Predict Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) represents the leading cause of death in under one year of age in developing countries. Even in our century, its etiology is not clear, and there is no biomarker that is discriminative enough to predict the risk of suffering from it. Therefore, in this work, taking a public dataset on the lipidomic profile of babies who died from this syndrome compared to a control group, a univariate analysis was performed using the Mann&ndash;Whitney U test, with the aim of identifying the characteristics that enable discriminating between both groups. Those characteristics with a p-value less than or equal to 0.05 were taken; once these characteristics were obtained, classification models were implemented (random forests (RF), logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM) and naive Bayes (NB)). We used seventy percent of the data for model training, subjecting it to a cross-validation (k = 5) and later submitting to validation in a blind test with 30% of the remaining data, which allows simulating the scenario in real life&mdash;that is, with an unknown population for the model. The model with the best performance was RF, since in the blind test, it obtained an AUC of 0.9, specificity of 1, and sensitivity of 0.8. The proposed model provides the basis for the construction of a SIDS risk prediction computer tool, which will contribute to prevention, and proposes lines of research to deal with this pathology

Automatic Evaluation of Heart Condition According to the Sounds Emitted and Implementing Six Classification Methods

The main cause of death in Mexico and the world is heart disease, and it will continue to lead the death rate in the next decade according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). Therefore, the objective of this work is to implement, compare and evaluate machine learning algorithms that are capable of classifying normal and abnormal heart sounds. Three different sounds were analyzed in this study; normal heart sounds, heart murmur sounds and extra systolic sounds, which were labeled as healthy sounds (normal sounds) and unhealthy sounds (murmur and extra systolic sounds). From these sounds, fifty-two features were calculated to create a numerical dataset; thirty-six statistical features, eight Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) coefficients and eight Cepstral Frequency-Mel Coefficients (MFCC). From this dataset two more were created; one normalized and one standardized. These datasets were analyzed with six classifiers: k-Nearest Neighbors, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Networks, all of them were evaluated with six metrics: accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, ROC curve, precision and F1-score, respectively. The performances of all the models were statistically significant, but the models that performed best for this problem were logistic regression for the standardized data set, with a specificity of 0.7500 and a ROC curve of 0.8405, logistic regression for the normalized data set, with a specificity of 0.7083 and a ROC curve of 0.8407, and Support Vector Machine with a lineal kernel for the non-normalized data; with a specificity of 0.6842 and a ROC curve of 0.7703. Both of these metrics are of utmost importance in evaluating the performance of computer-assisted diagnostic systems