About the stabilization of the dendritic structure of GG brand copper powder

In industry copper powder is recieved under constant current load. Surface roughening occurs during evolution of the dendritic particles. It is suggested to create a new impulse of current equal to the initial current density of 3200 A/m2 in order to obtain uniform structure of the precipitate. Current load was evaluated by the result of chronopotentiometry research of the dynamics of the dendritic precipitate on cylindrical electrode. Four-impulse galvanostatic electrolysis was investigated for the copper powder GG. New current impulse shifts the electrode potential to the cathodic area, crystallization process flows more rapidly.This work was done under financial support from RFBR № 11-03-002296

Исследование процесса окислительного хлорирования метана при повышенных давлениях

The process of the oxidative chlorination of methane carried out in a flow reactor was investigated in the temperature range of 370–400°C under a pressure of 1–9 ata. The catalyst is a mixture of copper chloride, potassium chloride and lanthanum chloride on a porous support. The molar ratio CuCl2:KCl:LaCl3 is 1:1:0.3. The process was studied in an excess of methane at the reactants ratio CH4:HCl:O2 12:2:1 and 13.5:1:0.5. It was shown experimentally that the productivity of the methane oxychlorination reactor increases proportionally to pressure in the degree ~ 0.85. It was found that an increase in the selectivity of the methane oxychlorination process to the desired product – methyl chloride – (more than 90%) is achieved by increasing the ratio of methane to the sum of hydrogen chloride and oxygen.Процесс окислительного хлорирования метана, проводимый в проточном реакторе, изучался в интервале температур 370–400°С при давлении 1–9 ата. В качестве катализатора использовалась смесь хлоридов меди, калия и лантана в мольном соотношении 1:1:0.3, нанесенная на пористый носитель. Процесс изучался в избытке метана при соотношении реагентов CH4:HCl:O2, равном 12:2:1 и 13.5:1:0.5

Multiple rare-earth ion environments in amorphous (Gd2_2O3_3)0.230_{0.230}(P2_2O5_5)0.770_{0.770} revealed by gadolinium K-edge anomalous x-ray scattering

A Gd K-edge anomalous x-ray scattering (AXS) study is performed on the rare-earth (R) phosphate glass, (Gd$_2$O$_3$)$_{0.230}$(P$_2$O$_5$)$_{0.770}$, in order to determine Gd⋯Gd separations in its local structure. The minimum rare-earth separation is of particular interest given that the optical properties of these glasses can quench when rare-earth ions become too close to each other. To this end, a weak Gd⋯Gd pairwise correlation is located at 4.2(1)Å, which is representative of a metaphosphate R⋯R separation. More intense first-neighbor Gd⋯Gd pairwise correlations are found at the larger radial distributions, 4.8(1), 5.1(1), and 5.4(1)Å. These reflect a mixed ultraphosphate and metaphosphate structural character, respectively. A second-neighbor Gd⋯Gd pairwise correlation lies at 6.6(1)Å which is indicative of metaphosphate structures. Meta- and ultraphosphate classifications are made by comparing the R⋯R separations against those of rare-earth phosphate crystal structures, R(PO$_3$)$_3$ and RP$_5$O$_{14}$, respectively, or difference pair-distribution function (ΔPDF) features determined on similar glasses using difference neutron-scattering methods. The local structure of this glass is therefore found to display multiple rare-earth ion environments, presumably because its composition lies between these two stoichiometric formulae. These Gd⋯Gd separations are well-resolved in ΔPDFs that represent the AXS signal. Indeed, the spatial resolution is so good that it also enables the identification of R⋯X(X=R, P, O) pairwise correlations up to r∼9Å; their average separations lie at r∼7.1(1), 7.6(1), 7.9(1), 8.4(1), and 8.7(1)Å. This is a report of a Gd K-edge AXS study on an amorphous material. Its demonstrated ability to characterize the local structure of a glass up to such a long range of r heralds exciting prospects for AXS studies on other ternary noncrystalline materials. However, the technical challenge of such an experiment should not be underestimated, as is highlighted in this work where probing AXS signal near the Gd K edge is found to produce inelastic x-ray scattering that precludes the normal AXS methods of data processing. Nonetheless, it is shown that AXS results are not only tractable but they also reveal local structure of rare-earth phosphate glasses that is important from a materials-centered perspective and which could not be obtained by other materials characterization methods

The lingvoculturological analisis of language of the press of 1920—1930 of the XX the elid

The article is devoted to the analysis of lingvistic-cultural universality and dominants on the example of official publications 1920—1930 th and also to research of stylistic, semantic, sintactic parameters of the press of the period of the beginning of the Soviet era

INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF LOW-CARBON STEEL ON ELECTRIC ARC BURNING

Purpose. The article is aimed to evaluate the influence of structural parameters of low-carbon steel on arcing process. Methodology. The values of the micro- and substructure characteristics of the electrode wire metal were changed by varying the parameters of heat treatment and cold deformation by drawing. The degree of plastic deformation was obtained by drawing blanks from different initial diameter to final dimension of 1 mm. The thermal treatment was carried out in electric chamber furnace of the SNOL-1,6.2,5.1/11-IZ type. The temperature was measured by chromel-alumel thermocouple and the electromotive force was determined using the DC potentiometer. In order to obtain the substructure of different dispersion degree the steel (after quenching from temperatures and tempering at 650°C for 1 hour) was subjected to cold drawing to reduction 17 – 80%. To form structure with different ferrite grain size the steel after drawing was annealed at 680°C for 1 hour. The microstructure was examined under a light and electron transmission microscope UEMV-100K at the accelerating voltage 100 kV. The grain and subgrain sizes were evaluated using the methodologies of quantitative metallography. A welding converter of the PSG-500 type was used to study the arc welding process of direct and reverse polarities. Findings. The experimentally detected value of the welding current, which depends on the degree of deformation during wire drawing, under conditions of stable arc burning of direct polarity is about an order of magnitude lower than the calculated value. Similar difference was found for the arc of reverse polarity: the experimental value of the welding current is 5...6 times less than the calculated value. Dependence analysis shows that, regardless of the polarity of the welding arc, a good enough agreement between the calculated and experimental values of the welding current is limited to deformations of 60%. For deformation degrees of more than 60%, the differences are explained by qualitative changes in the dislocation cell structure. Originality. In the conditions of stable arcing of different polarity for the electrode of low-carbon steel, an extreme dependence of welding current on the degree of cold plastic deformation was observed. Practical value. Influence of ferrite grain size of electrode wire on the value of welding current is much greater than that from substructure presence

The influence of the moisture weight ratio and the activity of the invertase enzyme on the crystallization rate of natural honey

The article presents studies on the dependence of the crystallization rate of natural honey on the moisture weight ratio, the activity of the invertase enzyme. Based on the results presented, preliminary conclusions can be drawn, which indicate that the higher the activity of the invertase enzyme, the sooner the crystallization of the honey begins

ВПЛИВ СТРУКТУРНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ НИЗЬКОВУГЛЕЦЕВОЇ СТАЛІ НА ГОРІННЯ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЇ ДУГИ

Purpose. The article is aimed to evaluate the influence of structural parameters of low-carbon steel on arcing process. Methodology. The values of the micro- and substructure characteristics of the electrode wire metal were changed by varying the parameters of heat treatment and cold deformation by drawing. The degree of plastic deformation was obtained by drawing blanks from different initial diameter to final dimension of 1 mm. The thermal treatment was carried out in electric chamber furnace of the SNOL-1,6.2,5.1/11-IZ type. The temperature was measured by chromel-alumel thermocouple and the electromotive force was determined using the DC potentiometer. In order to obtain the substructure of different dispersion degree the steel (after quenching from temperatures and tempering at 650°C for 1 hour) was subjected to cold drawing to reduction 17 – 80%. To form structure with different ferrite grain size the steel after drawing was annealed at 680°C for 1 hour. The microstructure was examined under a light and electron transmission microscope UEMV-100K at the accelerating voltage 100 kV. The grain and subgrain sizes were evaluated using the methodologies of quantitative metallography. A welding converter of the PSG-500 type was used to study the arc welding process of direct and reverse polarities. Findings. The experimentally detected value of the welding current, which depends on the degree of deformation during wire drawing, under conditions of stable arc burning of direct polarity is about an order of magnitude lower than the calculated value. Similar difference was found for the arc of reverse polarity: the experimental value of the welding current is 5...6 times less than the calculated value. Dependence analysis shows that, regardless of the polarity of the welding arc, a good enough agreement between the calculated and experimental values of the welding current is limited to deformations of 60%. For deformation degrees of more than 60%, the differences are explained by qualitative changes in the dislocation cell structure. Originality. In the conditions of stable arcing of different polarity for the electrode of low-carbon steel, an extreme dependence of welding current on the degree of cold plastic deformation was observed. Practical value. Influence of ferrite grain size of electrode wire on the value of welding current is much greater than that from substructure presence.Цель. Оценка влияния структурных параметров низкоуглеродистой стали на процесс горения электрической дуги. Методика. Значения микро- и субструктурных характеристик металла электродной проволоки изменяли, варьируя параметрами термической обработки и холодной деформации волочением. Степень пластической деформации получали волочением заготовок от разного исходного диаметра на конечный размер 1 мм. Термическую обработку осуществляли в электрической камерной печи типа СНОЛ-1,6.2,5.1/11-ИЗ. Для исследований процесса горения сварочной дуги прямой и обратной полярности использовали сварочный преобразователь типа ПСГ-500. Микроструктуру исследовали под световым и электронным просвечивающим микроскопом УЭМВ-100К. Результаты. Экспериментально обнаруженное значение сварочного тока, от степени деформации при волочении проволоки, в условиях стабильного горения дуги прямой полярности, примерно на порядок ниже расчетной величины. Аналогичное различие обнаружено и для дуги обратной полярности: экспериментальная величина сварочного тока меньше расчетной в 5…6 раз. Анализ зависимостей свидетельствует, что независимо от полярности сварочной дуги, достаточно хорошее совпадение между расчетными и экспериментальными значениями сварочного тока ограничивается деформациями 60 %. Для степеней деформации более 60 % различия объясняются качественными изменениями в дислокационной ячеистой структуре. Научная новизна. В условиях стабильного горения дуги различной полярности для электрода из низкоуглеродистой стали обнаружена экстремальная зависимость сварочного тока от степени холодной пластической деформации. Практическая значимость. Влияние размера зерна феррита электродной проволоки на величину сварочного тока значительно превышает эффект от присутствия субструктуры.Мета. В статті передбачається зробити оцінку впливу структурних параметрів низьковуглецевої сталі на процес горіння електричної дуги. Методика. Значення мікро- і субструктурних характеристик металу електродного дроту змінювали, варіюючи параметрами термічної обробки та холодної деформації волочінням. Ступінь пластичної деформації отримували волочінням заготовок різного вихідного діаметра на кінцевий розмір 1 мм. Термічну обробку здійснювали в електричній камерній печі типу СНОЛ-1,6.2,5.1/11-З. Температуру вимірювали термопарою хромель-алюмель із визначенням електрорушійної сили за потенціометром постійного струму. Для отримання субструктури різної дисперсності сталь (після загартування й відпускання температури до 650 °С протягом 1 години) піддавали холодному волочінню на обтиск до 17–80 %. Для формування структури з різним розміром зерна фериту сталь після волочіння піддавалася відпалу при 680  С протягом 1 години. Мікроструктуру досліджували під світловим електронним просвітчастим мікроскопом УЕМВ-100К при прискорюючій напрузі 100 кВ. Розмір зерна і субзерна оцінювали з використанням методик кількісної металографії. Для досліджень процесу горіння зварювальної дуги прямої та зворотної полярностей використовували зварювальний перетворювач типу ПСГ-500. Результати. Експериментально виявлене значення зварювального струму, що залежить від ступеня деформації при волочінні дроту, в умовах стабільного горіння дуги прямої полярності приблизно на порядок нижче розрахункової величини. Аналогічну відмінність виявлено й для дуги зворотної полярності: експериментальна величина зварювального струму менше розрахункової у 5–6 разів. Аналіз залежностей свідчить, що незалежно від полярності зварювальної дуги, досить гарний збіг між розрахунковими та експериментальними значеннями зварювального струму обмежується деформаціями до 60 %. Для ступенів деформації більше 60 % відмінності пояснюються якісними змінами в дислокаційній комірчастій структурі. Наукова новизна. В умовах стабільного горіння дуги різної полярності для електрода з низьковуглецевої сталі виявлена екстремальна залежність зварювального струму від ступеня холодної пластичної деформації. Практична значимість. Вплив розміру зерна фериту електродного дроту на величину зварювального струму значно перевищує ефект від присутності субструктури

Creativity of MI Tsvetaeva and ETA Hoffmann in the Space of World Culture Folk Tradition in Poetics

The article examines in a typological aspect the work of M.I. Tsvetaeva and E.T.A. Hoffmann. The lyrics of the Russian poetess and the fairy tale "The Golden Pot" of the German classic are analyzed in a wide cultural space, since both authors were well aware of the world mythological and folk tradition. In the poetics of the claimed writers archetypal constructions are revealed. Much attention is paid to the archetype of the snake, snake symbolism, which we find in the Slavic cultural tradition, and in the Indian. There is a reference to the latter in the tale of Hoffmann. We turn to the comparative-typological and systematic methods of analysis. The methodological basis of the work was the work of V.M. Zhirmunsky, B.A. Rybakov, R. Graves, D. Fraser, W. Turner

THE USE OF "GREEN" STANDARDS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INVESTMENT AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

В статье рассматривается использование «зеленых» стандартов в реализации инвестиционно-строительных проектов для улучшения экологической обстановки увеличение прибыли от продажи недвижимости со знаком «эко».The article discusses the use of "green" standards in the implementation of investment and construction projects to improve the environmental situation, increase the profit from the sale of real estate with the sign "eco"

Prevention of scaling and corrosion by reagent KISK-1

The influence of the reagent KISK-1 (Russia) on the rate of corrosion of Steel 3 in mineralized (“hard”) waters of two industrial plants was studied. The water supply system of the two plants used in the study had sufficient difference in chemical composition. Thermostability of these waters was investigated in the presence of KISK-1 (the complex inhibitor of scaling and corrosion). It was shown that when used at correct dosage, KISK-1 is capable of significantly reducing the rate of corrosion of Steel 3 while also providing the water system’s thermostability in evaporation, i.e. preventing the formation of sediments and deposits of salts. It was shown that the optimum dosage of KISK-1 remains relatively stable, while the tested waters were evaporated by 1.7–2.5 times. At the same time, the existence of some threshold concentration, above which the increase in the concentration of KISK-1 does not produce a proportional decrease in the rate of corrosion of Steel 3 was established. The approach offered in this study provides a useful framework to conduct comparative analysis and choose suitable reagents for the prevention of scaling and corrosion in water supply systems in a variety of industrial plants. © 2015 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved