The effects of participative safety and support for innovation on group creativity

This study examined the effects of Participative Safety (PS) and Support for Innovation (SI) on team creativity. It has been proposed that PS helps develop teamwork processes where members feel comfortable expressing and exchanging their ideas freely and SI makes a team perceive that creativity is valued. The study hypothesized that groups trained on PS score higher on creativity, feel less anxiety, have more cohesiveness, and have higher satisfaction than groups without PS training. The study also hypothesized that groups in the SI condition score higher on originality than groups in the non-SI condition. These climate conditions were created by providing a 15-minute PS training and a chance for participants to win monetary rewards. Student participants (N=123) were formed into 41 groups to write a proposal to a given problem. The proposals were analyzed by 5 graduate students. Correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between participative safety, cohesiveness, and satisfaction. However, results indicated the manipulations were ineffective and did not support all the hypotheses

Measuring Multilevel Constructs Theoretical And Methodological Features Of Team Behavioral Process Under Compilational Models

Since at least the 1950s, researchers interested in studying the dynamics of small groups have struggled with how best to measure interaction processes. Although team process measurement issues are not particularly unique in terms of content, measuring multilevel phenomena presents an interesting problem because structural aspects are integral components of emergence. The elemental content of multilevel phenomena is wholly unique and distinguishable from the elemental content of composite units, and emerges as individual behaviors compile to higher levels of analyses. Analogous to chemical structures, behavioral phenomena manifest at higher levels in different structural patterns as members connect to one another through dynamic interactions. Subsequently, multilevel phenomena are more appropriately characterized in terms of pattern in addition to the traditionally measured intensity. The vast majority of teams research conceptualizes and operationalizes multilevel phenomena based on compositional (i.e., additive) models. This approach impedes the further advancement of the science of team effectiveness by capturing content and intensity, but not structure. This dissertation argues that compilational models better capture content, intensity, and structure, and therefore represent a preferred alternative for conceptualizing and operationalizing team processes. This dissertation details measurement issues associated with compositional models in teams research, and provides concepts helpful for reconceptualizing team processes as compilational forms

Regional cerebral tissue blood flow measured by the colored microsphere method during retrograde cerebral perfusion

AbstractBrain tissue blood flow was measured precisely by the colored microsphere method during retrograde cerebral perfusion in 10 normothermic mongrel dogs. The average tissue blood flow rates to the cerebral cortex, cerebral medulla, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord during retrograde cerebral perfusion at 25 mm Hg of external jugular venous pressure were 10.5 ± 10.3, 4.2 ± 4.6, 11.1 ± 9.8, 12.3 ± 8.6, and 9.1 ± 5.8 ml/min per 100 gm, respectively. The brain was perfused wholly by retrograde cerebral perfusion without lateralization. Total cerebral blood flow was calculated as the sum total rates of blood flow to each area. Total cerebral blood flow during retrograde cerebral perfusion at 25 mm Hg was 7.8 ± 4.4 ml/min, which represented 3.5% ± 1.9% of whole body blood flow and one third of the total cerebral blood flow (28.0 ± 4.2 ml/min) during cardiopulmonary bypass at a flow rate of 1000 ml/min. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination by the total cerebrum during retrograde cerebral perfusion at 25 mm Hg were 0.54 ± 0.23 ml/min and 34 ± 15 μmol/min, respectively, or 8.6% ± 3.6% and 7.0% ± 3.1% of the corresponding whole body value and represented about one third of that measured during cardiopulmonary bypass (1.21 ± 0.39 ml/min and 96 ± 15 μmol/min). Total cerebral blood flow, total cerebral oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination increased as the external jugular venous pressure increased from 15 to 25 mm Hg; however, no further increase occurred once the external jugular venous pressure exceeded 25 mm Hg. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995;109:772-9

The Role of Stochastic Acceleration in the Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Application to Hadronic Injection

We study effects of particle re-acceleration (or heating) in the post-shock region via magnetohydrodynamic/plasma turbulence, in the context of a mixed hadronic-leptonic model for the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), using both analytical and numerical methods. We show that stochastically accelerated (or heated) leptons, which are injected via pp and pg reactions and subsequent pair cascades, are plausibly able to reproduce the Band function spectra with alpha~1 and beta~2-3 in the ~MeV range. An additional hard component coming from the proton-induced cascade emission is simultaneously expected, which is compatible with observed extra power-law spectra far above the MeV range. We also discuss the specific implications of hadronic models for ongoing high-energy neutrino observations.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, discussions added, typos fixed. Results unchange

Increased accumulation of cytosine arabinoside in human leukemic cells and enhancement of its cell-killing activity by uridine.

The effects of uridine(UR) on the cell-killing activity of cytosine arabinoside(ara-C) against human leukemic cells, MOLT-4, and on ara-C accumulation in cells were studied. The 50% lethal dose(LD50) of ara-C as determined by clonogenic assay was decreased to 5.0 x 10(-8) mol from 9.0 x 10(-7) mol after 3 days exposure to 10(-3) mol of UR. The accumulation of 3H-ara-C at 24 and 48 h was significantly increased in culture medium containing 10(-8) mol of 3H-ara-C and 10(-3) mol of UR (5,129 +/- 123.5 vs 2,554 +/- 115.5 cpm/10(5) cells at 24 h, p less than 0.01, and 5,772 +/- 123.2 vs 1,372 +/- 51.8 cpm/10(5) cells at 48 h, p less than 0.01). It is noteworthy that cell-killing activity of ara-C against human leukemic cells was enhanced by the combination with a nucleoside(UR), but not with antileukemic agents.</p

The pipeline project:Pre-publication independent replications of a single laboratory's research pipeline

This crowdsourced project introduces a collaborative approach to improving the reproducibility of scientific research, in which findings are replicated in qualified independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. Our goal is to establish a non-adversarial replication process with highly informative final results. To illustrate the Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) approach, 25 research groups conducted replications of all ten moral judgment effects which the last author and his collaborators had "in the pipeline" as of August 2014. Six findings replicated according to all replication criteria, one finding replicated but with a significantly smaller effect size than the original, one finding replicated consistently in the original culture but not outside of it, and two findings failed to find support. In total, 40% of the original findings failed at least one major replication criterion. Potential ways to implement and incentivize pre-publication independent replication on a large scale are discussed. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.</p

Data from a pre-publication independent replication initiative examining ten moral judgement effects

We present the data from a crowdsourced project seeking to replicate findings in independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. In this Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) initiative, 25 research groups attempted to replicate 10 moral judgment effects from a single laboratory's research pipeline of unpublished findings. The 10 effects were investigated using online/lab surveys containing psychological manipulations (vignettes) followed by questionnaires. Results revealed a mix of reliable, unreliable, and culturally moderated findings. Unlike any previous replication project, this dataset includes the data from not only the replications but also from the original studies, creating a unique corpus that researchers can use to better understand reproducibility and irreproducibility in science

The pipeline project: Pre-publication independent replications of a single laboratory's research pipeline

This crowdsourced project introduces a collaborative approach to improving the reproducibility of scientific research, in which findings are replicated in qualified independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. Our goal is to establish a non-adversarial replication process with highly informative final results. To illustrate the Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) approach, 25 research groups conducted replications of all ten moral judgment effects which the last author and his collaborators had “in the pipeline” as of August 2014. Six findings replicated according to all replication criteria, one finding replicated but with a significantly smaller effect size than the original, one finding replicated consistently in the original culture but not outside of it, and two findings failed to find support. In total, 40% of the original findings failed at least one major replication criterion. Potential ways to implement and incentivize pre-publication independent replication on a large scale are discussed