The hadronic models for cosmic ray physics: the FLUKA code solutions

FLUKA is a general purpose Monte Carlo transport and interaction code used for fundamental physics and for a wide range of applications. These include Cosmic Ray Physics (muons, neutrinos, EAS, underground physics), both for basic research and applied studies in space and atmospheric flight dosimetry and radiation damage. A review of the hadronic models available in FLUKA and relevant for the description of cosmic ray air showers is presented in this paper. Recent updates concerning these models are discussed. The FLUKA capabilities in the simulation of the formation and propagation of EM and hadronic showers in the Earth's atmosphere are shown.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures. Invited talk presented by M.V. Garzelli at ISVHECRI2006, International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Rays, Weihai, China, August 15 - 22 200

The Hadronic Models for Cosmic Ray Physics: the FLUKA Code Solutions

FLUKA is a general purpose Monte Carlo transport and interaction code used for fundamental physics and for a wide range of applications. These include Cosmic Ray Physics (muons, neutrinos, EAS, underground physics), both for basic research and applied studies in space and atmospheric flight dosimetry and radiation damage. A review of the hadronic models available in FLUKA and relevant for the description of cosmic ray air showers is presented in this paper. Recent updates concerning these models are discussed. The FLUKA capabilities in the simulation of the formation and propagation of EM and hadronic showers in the Earth's atmosphere are shown

Enhancement of anti-OVA IgG2c production in vivo by enalapril

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have non-hemodynamic, pleiotropic effects on the immune response. The effects of ACE inhibitors on the production of cytokines and T-cell functions are well established. However, little is known on the effects of these medicines on humoral response to foreign antigens. In this study, we investigated the effect of enalapril treatment on ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgG1 and IgG2c production in mice determined by ELISA. Two groups of 8-week-old C57BL/6 females mice (3–4/group) were subcutaneously immunized with OVA (10 μg/animal) in presence of Alhydrogel (1 mg/mouse) and boosted at day 21. The mice were treated with enalapril (5 mg/kg daily, po) or were left without treatment for one month. The animals were bled from the orbital plexus on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the first immunization and the sera were stored at –20°C until usage. OVA-specific serum IgG1 and IgG2c were determined by ELISA using serum from each individual animal. The results showed that enalapril significantly increased anti-OVA serum IgG2c in the secondary response without affecting IgG1 synthesis. These data expand our understanding on the properties of enalapril on the immune response, including antibody production

TEA, a Tiny Encryption Algorithm.

Introduction We design a short program which will run on most machines and encypher safely. It uses a large number of iterations rather than a complicated program. It is hoped that it can easily be translated into most languages in a compatible way. The first program is given below. It uses little set up time and does a weak non linear iteration enough rounds to make it secure. There are no preset tables or long set up times. It assumes 32 bit words. Encode Routine Routine, written in the C language, for encoding with key k[0] - k[3]. Data in v[0] and v[1]. void code(long* v, long* k) -- unsigned long y=v[0],z=v[1], sum=0, /* set up */ delta=0x9e3779b9, n=32 ; /* a key schedule constant */ while (n--?0) -- /* basic cycle start */ sum += delta ; y += (z!!4)+k[0] z+sum (z??5)+k[1] ; z += (y!!4)+k[2] y+sum (y??5)+k[3] ; /* end cycle */ v[0]=y ; v[1]=z ; Basics of the routine It is a Feistel type routine although addition and subtraction

Secondary Cosmic Ray Particles Due to GCR Interactions in the Earth's Atmosphere

Primary GCR interact with the Earth's atmosphere originating atmospheric showers, thus giving rise to fluxes of secondary particles in the atmosphere. Electromagnetic and hadronic interactions interplay in the production of these particles, whose detection is performed by means of complementary techniques in different energy ranges and at different depths in the atmosphere, down to the Earth's surface. Monte Carlo codes are essential calculation tools which can describe the complexity of the physics of these phenomena, thus allowing the analysis of experimental data. However, these codes are affected by important uncertainties, concerning, in particular, hadronic physics at high energy. In this paper we shall report some results concerning inclusive particle fluxes and atmospheric shower properties as obtained using the FLUKA transport and interaction code. Some emphasis will also be given to the validation of the physics models of FLUKA involved in these calculations

FLUKA status and preliminary results from the July-2005 AGS run.

As reported in 2005 Aerospace Conference, the FLUKA Monte Carlo code is being modified as part of NASA's Space Radiation Shielding Program for use in simulating the space radiation environment, in order to evaluate the properties of spacecraft and habitat shielding. Since the last workshop, several notable enhancements have been made to the FLUKA code itself and the ancillary support software. These include improvements to the GUI-based packages for analysis of the results as well as GUI-based tools to ease the setup and running of the programs. Examples of these are presented. From the physics perspective, an accelerator run this July at the AGS was undertaken in collaboration with the groups from LBL and MSFC to measure the fragmentation, neutron and secondary charged particle spectra from Fe, Si and C beams at 3, 5 and 10 GeV/A on a variety of targets including C, Al, Fe, Cu and polyethylene. This energy range is the crossover point in event generator technique and the data help guide the evolution of the event generators in this crucial region. Preliminary results from this run is presented for the angular distribution of the secondary charged particles from scattering angles of 3-45 degrees along with normalized comparisons to RQMD and DPMJET, the event generators that are currently employed within FLUK