Effect of Water-Soluble Browning Products in Heated Herbages on Rumen Microorganisms

When feed is heated, browning can occur. This browning is detrimental to both the value of feed and physiological functioning of the animal. Browning occurs when polymeric substances are produced during the Maillard reaction. Indigestible soluble Maillard reaction products could affect nitrogen utilization by ruminants. A method has been established for isolation of water-soluble browning products using a reversed phase column. In the present work, the effect of water-soluble browning products isolated from heated herbage on rumen microorganisms was investigated. A solution of browning products was added to the medium 10 to obtain final concentration of 0, 0.5 and 2.0 g/L and incubated. When glucose-glycine (GG) browning products and those extracted from perennial ryegrass or timothy was added, gas production yield increased dependent on the increasing levels of browning products. When GG or browning products extract from perennial ryegrass were added, the protein concentration increased in order 0.0 g/L \u3c 0.5 g/L \u3c 2.0 g/L. However when timothy-browning product was added, an increase in the protein concentration was not observed. This observed difference in protein concentration suggests that the influence of water-soluble browning products to the growth activity of rumen microorganisms depends on its origin

Application features of methods sustainable development of industrial enterprise

13.02.2017In the modern conditions of development of businesses the focusing of research is on the characteristics of their sustainable development. Existing methods of supporting such development are quite universal in nature, which does not fully reveal the economic potential of the industrial sector entities. The potential can be realized only through the prism of the use of sector-specific and risk management tools. The aim of the study is to determine the possibility of using the methods of the sustainable development of industrial enterprises, taking into account the specific characteristics of their activities. For a more thorough study of this problem the authors clarified the meaning of such categories as “sustainable development of the enterprise”, “enterprise”, “sustainable development of industrial enterprises”, “method”, “risk”. They also identified the specific features of an industrial enterprise which determine the existence of a high probability of occurrence of potential risks of the operation of such entities. In order to identify ways of ensuring the sustainable development of industrial enterprise risk factors were identified determining the socio-economic, socio-environmental and ecological-economic component of its sustainable development. The study revealed that most of the risk factors associated with the complexity of the process and the organization of the production process; the duration of the production cycle; using a wide range of resources; changes in resource properties. The study of various aspects of functioning of industrial enterprises defined ways to ensure their sustainable development. These methods aim to minimize or eliminate symptoms of specific risk factors affecting the company’s activity. The effectiveness of sustainable development depends on the choice of such a method which implies the existence of the cause-effect relationship between the tools used and factors manifesting the risks.В современных условиях развития субъектов хозяйствования особое внимание уделяется изучению особенностей их устойчивого развития. Существующие способы обеспечения такого развития носят достаточно универсальный характер, что не позволяет в полной мере раскрыть экономический потенциал субъектов промышленного сектора, который может быть реализован только через призму использования специфических, присущих данному сектору, инструментов управления рисками. Целью исследования является определение возможности использования способов устойчивого развития промышленных предприятий с учетом специфических особенностей их деятельности. Для более предметного исследования данной проблемы в статье уточнена сущность таких категорий, как «устойчивое развитие предприятия», «промышленное предприятие», «устойчивое развитие промышленного предприятия», «способ», «риск». Также в работе определены специфические особенности деятельности промышленного предприятия, которые обусловливают наличие высокой вероятности возникновения потенциальных рисков функционирования таких субъектов. С целью определения способов обеспечения устойчивого развития промышленного предприятия установлены факторы риска, определяющие социально-экономическую, социально-экологическую и эколого-экономическую составляющую его устойчивого развития. В процессе исследования выявлено, что большинство факторов риска связаны со сложностью организации технологического и производственного процесса; длительностью производственного цикла; использованием широкого спектра ресурсов; изменением свойств ресурсов. В результате исследования различных аспектов функционирования промышленного предприятия определены способы обеспечения его устойчивого развития. Данные способы направлены на минимизацию или ликвидацию проявления конкретных факторов риска, оказывающих влияние на деятельность предприятия. Эффективность обеспечения устойчивого развития определяется выбором такого способа, который предполагает наличие причинно-следственных связей между используемыми инструментами и факторами проявления риска

Modulation of MUC1 mucin as an escape mechanism of breast cancer cells from autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

MUC1 mucin is known to serve as a target molecule in the killing of breast cancer cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). We searched for a possible mechanism allowing tumour cells to escape from autologous CTLs. When the killing of breast cancer cells by autologous lymphocytes was examined in 26 patients with breast cancer, significant tumour cell lysis was observed in 8 patients, whereas virtually no autologous tumour cell lysis was detected in as many as 18 patients. In the patients who showed negligible tumour cell lysis, the autologous tumour cells expressed MUC1-related antigenic epitopes much more weakly than the tumour cells in the patients who exhibited strong cytotoxicity (significant statistically at P< 0.0005–0.0045), suggesting that the unresponsiveness of cancer cells to CTLs observed in these patients was mainly due to loss of MUC1 expression or modulation of its antigenicity. A breast cancer cell line, NZK-1, established from one of the cytotoxicity-negative patients, did not express MUC1 and was resistant to killing by CTLs, while control breast cancer cell lines expressing MUC-1 were readily killed by CTLs. Transfection of NZK-1 cells with MUC1 cDNA induced significant lysis by autologous T-lymphocytes. These results supported the importance of MUC1 mucin in autologous anti-tumour immunity, but suggested that the major escape mechanism of tumour cells from autologous T-lymphocytes is the loss and/or modulation of MUC1 antigenicity on tumour cells, which would limit the effectiveness of possible immunotherapy designed to target the MUC1 mucin. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.co

Quantal Two-Centre Coulomb Problem treated by means of the Phase-Integral Method I. General Theory

The present paper concerns the derivation of phase-integral quantization conditions for the two-centre Coulomb problem under the assumption that the two Coulomb centres are fixed. With this restriction we treat the general two-centre Coulomb problem according to the phase-integral method, in which one uses an {\it a priori} unspecified {\it base function}. We consider base functions containing three unspecified parameters $C, \tilde C$ and $\Lambda$. When the absolute value of the magnetic quantum number $m$ is not too small, it is most appropriate to choose $\Lambda=|m|\ne 0$. When, on the other hand, $|m|$ is sufficiently small, it is most appropriate to choose $\Lambda = 0$. Arbitrary-order phase-integral quantization conditions are obtained for these choices of $\Lambda$. The parameters $C$ and $\tilde C$ are determined from the requirement that the results of the first and the third order of the phase-integral approximation coincide, which makes the first-order approximation as good as possible. In order to make the paper to some extent self-contained, a short review of the phase-integral method is given in the Appendix.Comment: 23 pages, RevTeX, 4 EPS figures, submitted to J. Math. Phy

Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies

Rotation curves of spiral galaxies are the major tool for determining the distribution of mass in spiral galaxies. They provide fundamental information for understanding the dynamics, evolution and formation of spiral galaxies. We describe various methods to derive rotation curves, and review the results obtained. We discuss the basic characteristics of observed rotation curves in relation to various galaxy properties, such as Hubble type, structure, activity, and environment.Comment: 40 pages, 6 gif figures; Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. Vol. 39, p.137, 200

Visual Recognition of Age Class and Preference for Infantile Features: Implications for Species-Specific vs Universal Cognitive Traits in Primates

Despite not knowing the exact age of individuals, humans can estimate their rough age using age-related physical features. Nonhuman primates show some age-related physical features; however, the cognitive traits underlying their recognition of age class have not been revealed. Here, we tested the ability of two species of Old World monkey, Japanese macaques (JM) and Campbell's monkeys (CM), to spontaneously discriminate age classes using visual paired comparison (VPC) tasks based on the two distinct categories of infant and adult images. First, VPCs were conducted in JM subjects using conspecific JM stimuli. When analyzing the side of the first look, JM subjects significantly looked more often at novel images. Based on analyses of total looking durations, JM subjects looked at a novel infant image longer than they looked at a familiar adult image, suggesting the ability to spontaneously discriminate between the two age classes and a preference for infant over adult images. Next, VPCs were tested in CM subjects using heterospecific JM stimuli. CM subjects showed no difference in the side of their first look, but looked at infant JM images longer than they looked at adult images; the fact that CMs were totally naïve to JMs suggested that the attractiveness of infant images transcends species differences. This is the first report of visual age class recognition and a preference for infant over adult images in nonhuman primates. Our results suggest not only species-specific processing for age class recognition but also the evolutionary origins of the instinctive human perception of baby cuteness schema, proposed by the ethologist Konrad Lorenz

To respond or not to respond - a personal perspective of intestinal tolerance

For many years, the intestine was one of the poor relations of the immunology world, being a realm inhabited mostly by specialists and those interested in unusual phenomena. However, this has changed dramatically in recent years with the realization of how important the microbiota is in shaping immune function throughout the body, and almost every major immunology institution now includes the intestine as an area of interest. One of the most important aspects of the intestinal immune system is how it discriminates carefully between harmless and harmful antigens, in particular, its ability to generate active tolerance to materials such as commensal bacteria and food proteins. This phenomenon has been recognized for more than 100 years, and it is essential for preventing inflammatory disease in the intestine, but its basis remains enigmatic. Here, I discuss the progress that has been made in understanding oral tolerance during my 40 years in the field and highlight the topics that will be the focus of future research

Tobacco smoking, body mass index, hypertension, and kidney cancer risk in central and eastern Europe

In a case–control study of kidney cancer in four central European countries, with 1097 incident cases and 1476 controls, we found an increased risk for self-reported hypertension and for obesity. Additional unknown risk factors are likely to be responsible for the high rates of kidney cancer in this region