Characterizing major avalanche episodes in space and time in the twentieth and early twentyfirst centuries in the Catalan Pyrenees

With the aim of better understanding avalanche risk in the Catalan Pyrenees, the present work focuses on the analysis of major (or destructive) avalanches. For such purpose major avalanche cartography was made by an exhaustive photointerpretation of several flights, winter and summer field surveys and inquiries to local population. Major avalanche events were used to quantify the magnitude of the episodes during which they occurred, and a Major Avalanche Activity Magnitude Index (MAAMI) was developed. This index is based on the number of major avalanches registered and its estimated frequency in a given time period, hence it quantifies the magnitude of a major avalanche episode or winter. Furthermore, it permits a comparison of the magnitude between major avalanche episodes in a given mountain range, or between mountain ranges, and for a long enough period, it should allow analysis of temporal trends. Major episodes from winter 1995/96 to 2013/14 were reconstructed. Their magnitude, frequency and extent were also assessed. During the last 19 winters, the episodes of January 22-23 and February 6-8 in 1996 were those with highest MAAMI values,followed by January 30-31, 2003, January 29, 2006, and January 24-25, 2014. To analyze the whole twentieth century, a simplified MAAMI was defined in order to attain the same purpose with a less complete dataset. With less accuracy, the same parameters were obtained at winter time resolution throughout the twentieth century. Again, 1995/96 winter had the highest MAAMI value followed by 1971/72, 1974/75 and 1937/38 winter seasons. The analysis of the spatial extent of the different episodes allowed refining the demarcation of nivological regions, and improving our knowledge about the atmospheric patterns that cause major episodes and their climatic interpretation. In some cases, the importance of considering a major avalanche episode as the result of a previous preparatory period, followed by a triggering one was revealed

Snow avalanches in the Pyrenees: dendrochronological dating, dendrogeomorphological mapping and detection of past snow-avalanche seasons at a regional scale = Allaus de neu al Pirineu : datació dendrocronològica, cartografia dendrogeomorfològica i detecció d'allaus del passat a escala regional

[eng] In recent decades, information about past snow avalanches in the Pyrenees is being acquired by searching in different sources. One of these sources are tree rings. In this Ph.D. thesis, dendrogeomorphological techniques are used to study the snow avalanche process in the Pyrenees. The methodology to date snow avalanches using wood samples from trees of the genus Pinus L. is developed, and external signs of snow-avalanche effects and reactions on these trees are identified. Dendrogeomorphology is applied to date snow avalanche events, to reconstruct local event chronologies, and to map major avalanches. All these findings are subsequently used to estimate process frequency at specific avalanche paths. At a regional scale, by studying the snow avalanche events in several avalanche paths along the territory, dendrogeomorphology contributes to determine major avalanche winters. Calibration and validation of the methodology was done in Roc Roig avalanche path (Nuria, Catalonia). Evidence recorded in trees from the well- documented 1995-1996 avalanche season was used to establish fieldwork strategy and dendrochronological analyses to date past snow avalanches. Once the connection between external evidence and tree-ring reactions to the known avalanche events in 1995-1996 winters was understood, previous avalanche events were found out in the same avalanche path. In this site two extreme avalanches took place in 1996. Pinus uncinata trees disturbed during this avalanche season allowed to assess the associated tree-ring signals. Trees displayed a variety of responses to these events. The methodology was proved successful in detecting the 1996, 1986 and 1972 documented avalanche events, and provided evidence of undocumented past events such as the one in 1929-1930, which was a major avalanche as in 1996. To obtain high-quality evidence it is necessary to correctly recognize external signs from snow avalanches on trees, to know the corresponding tree reactions and to distinguish associated tree-ring signals. The characterization of snow-avalanche effects and reactions in Pinus uncinata trees was carried out with a recent avalanche event in Barranco de las Fajas avalanche path (Sallent de Gallego, Aragon). Data was systematically gathered from all trees in selected transects across the avalanche path and tree structure was described. In the 2007-2008 avalanche clearing, shapes from trees affected by the event are compared to shapes from trees affected by earlier events. The distribution of tree morphologies along the path is discussed. Describing and quantifing disturbed tree morphologies should contribute to discriminate among different geomorphological hillslope processes. By applying these findings to a set of six avalanche paths distributed throughout the territory, evidence for three regional-scale major avalanche years was identified in the SE Pyrenees from 1971 to 2004: 1971-72, 1995- 96 and 2002-03. In the total count, dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when major avalanches occurred in the recent past in the six avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but others had not been documented. Also in this chapter, an example on how dendrochronological evidence of a past major event on trees was used to map an extreme runout. This was done in an avalanche path descending from Pui de Linya (Espot, Catalonia). In this case a major avalanche occurred in 1971-1972 which had not been previously documented. Thus, the map done according to conventional techniques was improved by using dendrogeomorphological evidence. The combination of information yielded by dendrogeomorphology together with data from the other sources is the best way to improve our knowledge on the snow avalanche process. In the Pyrenees, though still very scarcely applied, dendrogeomorphological analyses play an important part in the zonification of selected snow avalanche paths to prevent avalanche hazard where forest or trees are present.[spa] En esta tesis doctoral, se utilizan técnicas dendrogeomorfológicas para estudiar el proceso de los aludes de nieve en los Pirineos. Se desarrolla la metodología para la datación de aludes de nieve utilizando muestras de árboles del género Pinus L. y se identifican los signos externos de los efectos y las reacciones en estos árboles. Se aplica la dendrogeomorfología para datar avalanchas, reconstruir cronologías de eventos locales y para cartografiar aludes mayores. Todos estos hallazgos se utilizan a continuación para estimar frecuencias del proceso en zonas concretas. A escala regional, estudiando los aludes en varias zonas repartidas por el territorio, la dendrogeomorfología contribuye a determinar los inviernos de aludes mayores. El calibrado y la validación de la metodología se llevó a cabo en el Canal del Roc Roig (Núria, Cataluña). Se utilizaron los indicios registrados en los árboles correspondientes a la temporada de aludes documentada de 1995-1996. Los árboles mostraron una variedad de respuestas a estos acontecimientos. La metodología fue efectiva en la detección de los aludes documentados en 1996, 1986 y 1972, y aportó evidencias de un acontecimiento no documentado anteriormente en 1929-1930, que resultó haber sido un alud mayor como en 1996. La caracterización de los efectos y las reacciones de los aludes de nieve en Pinus uncinata se realizó con el material de un alud reciente en el Barranco de las Fajas (Sallent de Gállego, Aragón). La descripción y cuantificación de las morfologías de los árboles debería de servir para discriminar entre los diferentes procesos geomorfológicos de ladera. Al aplicar los resultados de esta investigación a un conjunto de seis zonas de aludes distribuídas a lo largo del territorio, se identificaron tres temporadas de aludes a escala regional en el SE de los Pirineos entre 1971 y 2004: 1971-1972, 1995-1996 y 2002-2003. La combinación de información obtenida por dendrogeomorfología con datos procedentes de otras fuentes es la mejor forma de completar nuestros conocimientos sobre el proceso de los aludes de nieve. En los Pirineos, donde existe bosque o árboles, los análisis dendrogeomorfológicos tienen un papel importante en la zonificación de aludes para prevenir el riesgo

Reconstructing snow avalanches in the Southeastern Pyrenees

A regional study of snow avalanche processes was undertaken in the SE Pyrenees. Dendrogeomorphology was used to date and reconstruct large-scale snow avalanche events that occurred in the last four decades. Dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when avalanches occurred in the recent past in six studied avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but others had not been documented. In one case, the existing avalanche path map was improved with the dendrogeomorphological information of a larger past event. As a result of the dendrogeomorphological analyses, evidence for three regional-scale major avalanche years was identified in the SE Pyrenees from 1971 to 2004: 1971¿1972, 1995¿1996 and 2002¿2003. The specific synoptic atmospheric situations and the most likely nivometeorological and snowpack conditions that released these major avalanches were determined using weather data for the seasons of major avalanche releases. In 1971¿1972 the snow avalanche episode was characterized by a deep trough crossing the Pyrenees. In 1995¿1996 a variety of meteorological situations produced several episodes of major avalanches. In 2002¿2003 the more significant of two episodes was attributed to a north advection pumping an arctic air mass over the Pyrenees. The 1995¿1996 avalanche season proved to be the most notable in the four past decades in the Pyrenees