IN SILICO APPROACH OF COLLAGEN FROM TUNA FISH BY-PRODUCT AS ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR

Objective: This study explores the sustainable valorization of by-products from tuna fish based on in silico approach. Methods: In silico approaches (BIOPEP database, PeptideRanker database, peptide calculator [PepCalc] database, and toxin prediction [ToxinPred] database) were employed to evaluate the potential of collagens from tuna as a potential source of bioactive peptides. Furthermore, primary structure, biological potential, physicochemical, sensory, and toxicity characteristics of the theoretically released angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor collagen peptides were predicted. Results: Tuna collagen was selected as a potential precursor of bioactive peptides based on in silico analysis. Most notable among these are ACE inhibitory peptides. First, the potential of tuna collagen for the releasing bioactive peptides was evaluated by determining the frequency of occurrence of fragments with a given activity. Through the BIOPEP database analysis, there are many bioactive peptides in tuna collagen sequences. Then, an in silico proteolysis using selected enzymes (papain and pepsin) to obtained ACE inhibitory peptides was investigated and then analyzed using PeptideRanker and PepCalc. Cytotoxicity analysis using the online toxic prediction tool ToxinPred revealed that all in silico proteolysis-derived ACE inhibitory peptides are non-cytotoxic. Conclusions: Overall, the present study highlights that the tuna collagens could be a promising precursor of bioactive peptides that have an antihypertensive effect (ACE inhibitory activities) for developing functional food or nutraceutical products

Challenge in Biochemistry Courses: A Snapshot of Student Learning Difficulties

Biochemistry with a broad and complex scope of material causes students to have difficulty in visualizing or understanding the concepts (metabolic pathways, molecular structures, and terms in biochemistry).This study aims to get an overview of students' learning difficulties in studying biochemistry. The study used a descriptive method. The research subjects were students of Biology Education at one of the universities in West Sumatra. The research instrument consists of a questionnaire of student opinions on learning difficulties and a test of mastery of concepts. It was found that 26.47% of students had difficulties in molecular structure material, 58.82% in metabolic pathway material, and 14.71% in term in biochemistry material. The students have difficulty in learning biochemistry concepts as shown by average lecture achievement score of 0.51 which is in a quite difficult range. The questionnaire results of student opinions on learning biochemistry show that 27% of students like learning using the practicum method

DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC-INTEGRATED CHEMISTRY TEACHING MATERIALS ON CELL AND BIOMOLECULE MATERIALS

Integration between science and Islam is still not maximally applied in Chemistry Education UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. This is because learning facilities regarding Islam and science are still lacking. This study aims to develop an Islamic integrated enrichment book of chemistry which focus on structure and function of cells material. The method that used is 4STMD (Four Step Material Development). There were four steps conducted by the researcher, it was a selection, structuring, characterization, and reduction. The evaluation were carried out by the experts on Islamic integration material, using test cloze and intervention of feasibility test from language, presentation, performance, and graphics aspects. The results obtained at the selection stage are 12 of the 21 concepts declared feasible with the results of the percentage of material eligibility of 100%. At the structuring, 12 valid draft teaching materials were obtained. Validation result showed the appropriateness of each concept from the expert. Assessment for characterizatition test obtained an average of 12 concepts have a high level of understanding with 84,33% are belong in easy category. Feasibility test present a very good categorized which proven by the percentage 85,94%. The enrichment book can be used as a reference of integrated Islamic chemistry for students in Biochemistry courses, especially the material structure and function of cells in order to integrate Islamic science and science in daily life

Advances in delivery methods of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) for enhanced therapeutic outcomes

Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dose-dependent therapeutic functions that A. platensis possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of A. platensis constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations. Abbrevations: SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals, IL-4; Interleukin-4, HDL; High-Density Lipoprotein, LDL; Low-Density Lipoprotein, VLDL; Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, C-PC; C-Phycocyanin, APC; Allophycocyanin, PE; Phycoerythrin, COX-2; Cyclooxygenase-2, RCTs; Randomized Control Trials, TNF-α; Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha, γ-LFA; Gamma-Linolenic Fatty Acid, PGs; Polyglycans, PUFAs: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, NK-cell; Natural Killer Cell, FDA; Food and Drug Administration, GRAS; Generally Recognized as Safe, SD; Standard Deviation, API; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, DW; Dry Weight, IM; Intramuscular, IV; Intravenous, ID; Intradermal, SC; Subcutaneous, AERs; Adverse Event Reports, DSI-EC; Dietary Supplement Information Executive Committee, cGMP; Current Good Manufacturing Process, A. platensis; Arthrospira platensis, A. maxima; Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina sp.; Spirulina species, Arthrospira; Spirulina, Tecuitlatl; Spirulina, CRC; Colorectal Cancer, HDI; Human Development Index, Tf; Transferrin, TfR; Transferrin Receptor, FR; Flow Rate, CPP; Cell Penetrating Peptide, SUV; Small Unilamenar Vesicle, LUV; Large Unilamenar Vesicle, GUV; Giant Unilamenar Vesicle, MLV; Multilamenar Vesicle, COVID-19; Coronavirus-19, PEGylated; Stealth, PEG; Polyethylene Glycol, OSCEs; Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, GI; Gastrointestinal Tract, CAP; Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, HPMCP, Hydroxypropyl Methyl-Cellulose Phthalate, SR; Sustained Release, DR; Delay Release, Poly(MA-EA); Polymethyl Acrylic Co-Ethyl Acrylate, f-DR L-30 D-55; Femto-Delay Release Methyl Acrylic Acid Co-Ethyl Acrylate Polymer, MW; Molecular Weight, Tg; Glass Transition Temperature, SN2; Nucleophilic Substitution 2, EPR; Enhance Permeability and Retention, VEGF; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, RGD; Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid, VCAM-1; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, P; Coefficient of Permeability, PES; Polyether Sulfone, pHe; Extracellular pH, ζ-potential; Zeta potential, NTA; Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, PB; Phosphate Buffer, DLS; Dynamic Light Scattering, AFM; Atomic Force Microscope, Log P; Partition Coefficient, MR; Molar Refractivity, tPSA; Topological Polar Surface Area, C log P; Calculated Partition Coefficient, CMR; Calculated Molar Refractivity, Log S; Solubility Coefficient, pka; Acid Dissociation Constant, DDAB; Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide, DOPE; Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, GDP; Good Distribution Practice, RES; Reticuloendothelial System, PKU; Phenylketonuria, MS; Multiple Sclerosis, SLE; Systemic Lupus Erythematous, NASA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, DOX; Doxorubicin, ADRs; Adverse Drug Reactions, SVM; Support Vector Machine, MDA; Malondialdehyde, TBARS; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, CRP; C-Reactive Protein, CK; Creatine Kinase, LDH; Lactated Dehydrogenase, T2D; Type 2 Diabetes, PCB; Phycocyanobilin, PBP; Phycobiliproteins, PEB; Phycoerythrobilin, DPP-4; Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, MTT; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, IL-2; Interleukin-2, IL-6; Interleukin-6, PRISMA; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, STATA; Statistics, HepG2; Hepatoblastoma, HCT116; Colon Cancer Carcinoma, Kasumi-1; Acute Leukaemia, K562; Chronic Leukaemia, Se-PC; Selenium-Phycocyanin, MCF-7; Breast Cancer Adenocarcinoma, A375; Human Melanoma, RAS; Renin-Angiotensin System, IQP; Ile-Gln-Pro, VEP; Val-Glu-Pro, Mpro; Main Protease, PLpro; Papin-Like Protease, BMI; Body Mass Index, IC50; Inhibitory Concentration by 50%, LD50; Lethal Dose by 50%, PC12 Adh; Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells, RNS; Reactive Nitrogen Species, Hb1Ac; hemoglobin A1c.- Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant Scheme [grant number: FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2] and MyPAIR-PHC-Hibiscus Grant [grant number: MyPair/1/2020/STG05/UNIM/1]. - Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUM) under the XMUM Research Fund (Grant number: XMUMRF/2021-C7/IENG/0033) and Hengyuan International Sdn. Bhd

Transforming food systems in Maritime Southeast Asia and Pacific Small Island Developing States to support food security and sustainable healthy diets

Food is one of the basic necessities for human life. Nutritious food is essential for human health and helps oneself live up to our best potential as productive members of society. In spite of this, 3 billion people are estimated to have limited access to nutrient-rich food, and there are 768 million undernourished people in the globe today. There are still concerns with food systems and food security, despite the fast economic transformation of low-and middle-income nations in Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania over the past 10 years. These issues include dwindling agricultural land, deforestation, ineffective food supply networks, environmental degradation, changing and unhealthy diets, non-communicable diseases, disappearing cultural legacy, and ineffective policies. These problems are exacerbated by climate change, natural hazards, and pandemic shocks. This review explores the perspectives of food systems that relates to all the elements and activities in transforming agri-food industry. In this paper, we discuss the challenges and solutions to transforming food systems in this region to achieve a sustainable and healthy diet for all, with the perspective of bringing the region closer toward the UN sustainable development goals. This paper is an outcome of the deliberations that took place during the Food Security in Small Islands and Developing States workshop in 2020. It also includes insights from subsequent expert group sessions that focused on the following topics: Agriculture and Food Systems; Nutrition, Health, and Culture; Innovations and Digitalization in Food Systems; as well as Policies Coordination and Future Shocks

Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 におけるヘテロシスト特異的糖脂質の生理学的解析とそのアグリコンである脂肪アルコールの生産

博士(理学)doctoral創造科学技術大学院静岡大学甲第832号ET

Influences of Temperature on the Conversion of Ammonium Tungstate Pentahydrate to Tungsten Oxide Particles with Controllable Sizes, Crystallinities, and Physical Properties

The purpose of this study was to investigate influences of temperature on the conversion of ammonium tungstate pentahydrate (ATP) powder to tungsten trioxide (WO3) particles with controllable sizes, crystallinities, and physicochemical properties. In this study, we used a simple thermal decomposition method. In the experimental procedure, we explored the effect of temperature on the physicochemical properties of ATP by testing various heating temperatures (from 100 to 900 °C). The heated ATP samples were then characterized by a physical observation (i.e. color) and various analysis methods (i.e. a thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, an X-ray diffraction, and a scanning electron microscope). Experimental results showed that increases in temperature had an impact to the decreases in particle size, the change in material crystallinity, and the change in physical properties (e.g. change of color from white, orange, to yellowish green). The relationships between the reaction temperatures and the physicochemical properties of the ATP were also investigated in detail along with the theoretical consideration and the proposal of the WO3 particle formation mechanism. In simplification, the phenomena can be described into three zones of temperatures. (1) Below 250 °C (release of water molecules and some ammonium ions).; (2) At 250-400 °C (release of water molecules and ammonium ions, restructurization of tungsten and oxygen elements, and formation of amorphous tungsten trioxide). (3) At higher than 400 °C (crystallization of tungsten trioxide). Since ATP possessed reactivity on temperature, its physicochemical properties changing could be observed easily, and the experimental procedure could be done easily. The present study will benefit not only for “chemistry and material science” but also potentially to be used as a model material for explaining the thermal behavior of material to undergraduate students (suitable used for a class and laboratory experiment and demonstration)

hetN and patS Mutations Enhance Accumulation of Fatty Alcohols in the hglT Mutants of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120

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