Salary and Remuneration Impact on Turnover Rate of an Organisation Tunku Abdul Rahman College

The volume of literature on the causes of employee turnover continues to grow. Despite, attempts to distinguish between the way to minimize voluntary and involuntary turnover in organizations, though recognized for quite some time, receive little attention from researchers. This study examines the ways to minimize the turnover or retaliation of employees. The study also hypothesized that there are significant differences in the ways to curb turnover. Basically the term turnover and retaliation has a significant value on the basis of how business runs. If any company denies the absence of this two occasion, that must be a lie or a fraudulent. These two really go hand-in-hand with each other as it indirectly portrays the check and balance of the ongoing in the organization, between the employees and the employer. The result of job satisfaction and turnover intention generally support the hypothesis. In addition, the result of this study could be used to warrant further more empirical based research in the area of jobs and turnover behaviour. This study had highlighted 4 main ideas, recruitment, selection and early socialization; pay, performance and supplementary benefits; leadership and supervision and career planning and development

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES FOR PRESSURE SENSING APPLICATION

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be utilized to replace Si as the pressure sensing element since they have better electromechanical properties that remain stable even at 250oC. With Si-based sensor, the intrinsic limitation of P-N junction causes it to operate below 120oC. Thus the work of developing CNTs as the pressure sensing element would require synthesizing good quality, highly aligned CNTs array with specific characteristics to enhance their sensing properties before integrating them into the testing configuration in order to establish the working principle of the pressure sensor. Aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) array was synthesized via thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and characterized using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Studies were performed to investigate the effect of different methods of Al2O3 buffer layer preparations and Fe precursor used on the MWCNTs produced. It was found that direct deposition of Al2O3 produced MWCNTs with highest degree of crystallinity (ratio of disorder peak to graphitic peak, ID/IG = 0.98) whilst oxidation of Al thin film in air exhibited the highest growth rate resulting in the thickest MWCNTs film (~60 m). Both forms of Fe catalyst, pellet and powder produced similar film thickness (typically 47 m) but Fe pellet gives cleaner MWCNTs array without the presence of particles. Piezoresistive measurement was performed on the as-grown MWCNTs array without transferring to a conductive substrate as the buffer layer is made electrically conductive. Electrical resistance of the MWCNTs array, R decreased with applied weights (50 g to 500 g) and is more responsive towards rapid changes in the applied loading (interval of 10 s). At constant weight loading (100 g and 500 g), the resistance decreases linearly with temperature, T (from 30oC to 180oC) while the slope, dR/dT remains independent of the weight. In summary, good quality, highly aligned MWCNTs array has been successfully synthesized, characterized and developed as the pressure sensing element. Results of piezoresistive measurement have established its prospect as the pressure sensing element suitable for operation beyond the temperature limit of Si-based sensors

Cross-Layer Platform for Dynamic, Energy-Efficient Optical Networks

The design of the next-generation Internet infrastructure is driven by the need to sustain the massive growth in bandwidth demands. Novel, energy-efficient, optical networking technologies and architectures are required to effectively meet the stringent performance requirements with low cost and ultrahigh energy efficiencies. In this thesis, a cross-layer communications platform is proposed to enable greater intelligence and functionality on the physical layer. Providing the optical layer with advanced networking capabilities will facilitate the dynamic management and optimization of optical switching based on performance monitoring measurements and higher-layer attributes. The cross-layer platform aims to create a new framework for networks to incorporate packet-scale measurement subsystems and techniques for monitoring the health of the optical channel. This will allow for quality-of-service- and energy-aware routing schemes, as well as an enhanced awareness of the optical data signals. This thesis first presents the design and development of an optical packet switching fabric. Leveraging a networking test-bed environment to validate networking hypotheses, advanced switching functionalities are demonstrated, including the support for quality-of-service based routing and packet multicasting. The investigated cross-layering is based on emerging optical technologies, enabling packet protection techniques and packet-rate switching fabric reconfiguration. Coupled with fast performance monitoring, the platform will achieve significant performance gains within the endeavor of all-optical switching. Allowing for a more intelligent, programmable optical layer aims to support greater flexibility with respect to bandwidth allocation and potentially a significant reduction in the network's energy consumption. The ultimate deliverable of this work is a high-performance, cross-layer enabled optical network node. The experimental demonstration of an initial prototype creates a dynamic network element with distributed control plane management, featuring fast packet-rate optical switching capabilities and embedded physical-layer performance monitoring modules. The cross-layer box enables an intelligent traffic delivery system that can dynamically manipulate optical switching on a packet-granular scale. With the goal of achieving advanced multi-layer routing and control algorithms, the network node requires an intelligent co-optimization across all the layers. The proposed cross-layer design should drive optical technologies and architectures in an innovative way, in order to fulfill the void between the design of basic photonic devices and the networking protocols that use them. The performance of the entire network -- from the optical components, to the routing algorithms and user applications -- should be optimized in concert. This contribution to the area of cross-layer network design creates an adaptable optical pipe that is extremely flexible and intelligent aware of both the physical optical signals and higher-layer requirements. The impact of this work will be seen in the realization of dynamic, energy-efficient optical communication links in future networking infrastructures

Factors related to perception of parental efficacy

The present study determined the relationships between selected factors within the family social context i.e. family background: education, family income, and number of children; and parenting factors: quality of parenting received as a child, satisfaction with the parent-child relationship, and parenting knowledge) and perception of parental efficacy. Respondents were 118 parents with Standard Five children from 2 primary schools in Subang Jaya, and were selected using the stratified-random sampling procedure. Data were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire. Perceived parental efficacy was measured using Luster's perception of parental efficacy scale. Quality of parenting received as a child was measured using a modified version of Simons et al.'s supportive parenting scale. Satisfaction with the parent-child relationship was assessed using 5 items adapted from Simons et al. 's relationship satisfaction scale and Umberson's parent-child rational quality scale. Parenting knowledge was measured using 5 items adapted from Simons et al. 's parental influence scale and Rozumah's parenting knowledge scale. Results from the study show that at the bivariate level, family income, parent-child relationship satisfaction, and parenting knowledge are significantly related to perception of parental efficacy. When all of the family social context variables were statistically controlled, only parenting knowledge showed significant contribution to perception of parental efficacy. The study concludes that several factors within the social context of the family may influence parents perception of their efficacy. Findings from the study indicate the importance of considering the context in which the parent and child interact when working with parents. In addition, parents should be made aware of the importance of quality parent-child interaction and the impact of parenting knowledge on parental efficacy and child development

Population Aging and Intergenerational Transfers: Introducing Age into National Accounts

In all societies intergenerational transfers are large and have an important influence on inequality and growth. The development of each generation of youth depends on the resources that it receives from productive members of society for health, education, and sustenance. The well-being of the elderly depends on familial support and a variety of social programs. The National Transfer Accounts (NTA) system provides a comprehensive approach to measuring all reallocations of income across age and time at the aggregate level. It encompasses reallocations achieved through capital accumulation and transfers, distinguishing those mediated by public institutions from those relying on private institutions. This paper introduces the methodology and presents preliminary results emphasizing economic support systems in Taiwan and the United States. As the two economies differ in their demographic configuration, their level of development, and their old-age support systems, comparing them will shed light on the economic implications of population aging under alternative institutional arrangements.

Conserving Bali’s heritage sites: The power of unwritten laws

This study examines the efforts of heritage conservation on Bali Island specifically in heritage sites. The Global Sustainable Guidelines published by UNESCO were used as areas of assessment as well as the benchmarks for results analysis. A total of four areas of conservation components introduced by UNESCO - Hoi An Protocols: 1) Identification and Documentation, 2) Safeguarding Tangible Aspects, 3) Safeguarding Intangible Aspects and 4) Heritage and the Community were examined. This study applied three research techniques: (1) Secondary Data Analysis, 2) In-depth Interviews, and (3) Site observation in collecting data pertaining to laws, policies, strategies, guidelines, perceptions, and tangible evidences of conservation efforts in Bali. A total of twelve reports pertaining to heritage governance in Bali, five local tourism experts, and five heritage sites were sampled for analysis, interview, observation and evaluation. Thematic analysis was conducted to examine the performance of each heritage conservation area followed by benchmarking analysis to conclude on the level of compliance against the standards suggested by UNESCO. Findings suggested that the conservation efforts vary according to areas, with standardisation of laws and enforcement basically non-existent. Hence, the results indicate a concerning gap in law enforcement and execution of heritage conservation on Bali Island. Interestingly, the local community do not show much concern over heritage deterioration. They place great confidence over unwritten laws which are passed down from generation to generation concerning ways of conserving both tangible and intangible heritage. This study has contributed to the understanding of heritage sites conservation on Bali Island. Moreover, this study provides practical and realistic implications that could improve the governance of site heritage conservation on Bali Islan

Improving Pre-service teachers’ understanding of complexity of mathematics instructional practice through deliberate practice

Many teacher education programs are criticized for their failure to prepare pre-service teachers to utilize and transfer their knowledge of content and educational principles into authentic classroom teaching. Studies also consistently report that pre-service teachers’ ability to identify what is noteworthy about a mathematics classroom situation was lacking. This study investigated the effect of the intervention program, Study of Teaching, on pre-service teachers’ acquisition of three designated mathematics teaching skills, how much they understood about the complexity of mathematics teaching, and their professional growth. We began with the assumption that preservice teachers’ ability to discern the ‘critical aspects’ of mathematics classroom instruction could be enhanced through enacting reduced length microteaching sessions. Our results indicate that reduced microteaching in the setting, as in our intervention program, provide pre-service teachers with a safe environment to practise teaching. In general, this project found that preservice teachers’ awareness of the complexity and intricacy of actual classroom teaching of mathematics had been greatly enhanced following this intervention

MOBILITY AND INEQUALITY OVER CYCLICAL ENDOGENOUS GROWTH

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH