The ISCIP Analyst, Volume X, Issue 7

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume X, Issue 1

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume X, Issue 5

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume X, Issue 2

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

Węzeł wartowniczy w raku jelita grubego

StreszczenieWstępW pracy dokonano przeglądu na podstawie piśemiennictwa badań na temat przydatności identyfikacji węzła wartowniczego w ocenie stanu zaawansowania klinicznego raka jelita grubego. Przeprowadzono analizę wyników badań w tym zakresie wykonanych w różnych ośrodkach chirurgicznych. Zwrócono uwagę na te elementy które mają zasadnicze znaczenie w rokowaniu u chorych na raka jelita grubego oraz na prawdopodobne przyczyny błędów jakie są popełniane przy kwalifikacji chorych do określonej grupy zaawansowania klinicznego. Potwierdzenie przerzutów w węzłach chłonnych warunkuje zastosowanie terapii uzupełniającej i daje większe szanse na osiągnięcie dobrych wyników leczenia. Dotychczas stosowane techniki badawcze nie zawsze dają pewność właściwie postawionego rozpoznania w zakresie stopnia zaawansowania choroby, stąd poszukiwanie nowych metod, które zwiększyłyby szansę na precyzyjne określenie stadium choroby i umożliwiłyby zastosowanie odpowiedniego, skutecznego leczenia.Materiał i metodyOmówiono koncepcję „węzła wartowniczego” oraz korzyści jakie może przynieść jego identyfikacja w ocenie zaawansowania choroby. Przedstawiono techniki wybarwiania węzłów chłonnych, rodzaje barwników i sposób nastrzyknięcia tkanki.WynikiUwzględniono skuteczność diagnostyczną tej metody badawczej w różnych badaniach oraz ocenę patomorfologiczną węzła wartowniczego opartą na barwieniu hemoatoksylinowo-eozynowym, metodach immunohistochemicznych, a także przy zastosowaniu technik molekularnych. Dokonano oceny wyników dodatnich oraz fałszywie ujemnych prowadzonych badań.WniosekStwierdzono przydatność nowej metody diagnostycznej w raku jelita grubego wymagającą jednakże dalszych badań oraz uwidoczniono korzyśći jakie może przynieść zastosowanie tej metody w praktyce.SummaryIntroductionIn the paper a review of the literature on the usefulness of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification in clinical staging of the colorectal cancer was performed. Studies conducted In different surgical departments were analyzed. Crucial elements in prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer and mistakes made in clinical staging of theses patients were pointed out. Lymph nodes metastases warrants the adjuvant therapy and improves results of treatment. The diagnostic methods used at the moment are not very accurate in clinical staging, therefore a search for the new methods, which would enable more precise staging and at the same time the suitable treatment is being made.Material and methodsThe sentinel node concept and the benefits of its identification are discussed. Techniques of the SLN dying (dyes, application) are presented.ResultsThe diagnostic efficacy of the method in different studies and the detailed pathological examination (haematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques) is being analyzed. Positive and false negative results in the studies are evaluated.ConclusionThe usefulness of the method and application in the clinical setting in colorectal cancer is shown, still further studies are needed

Presenting Structural Equation Model for Measuring Organizational Learning Capability

AbstractFrom a strategic viewpoint, the measurement scale identifies the elements that form learning capability, highlighting its complex and multidimensional nature. The evidence that the results provide regarding the scale's validity suggests that we may use this tool in future research work requiring a measurement of learning capability. Likewise, the scale provides information that could be of use to those managers wishing to improve learning capability in their firms. It is presented a structural equation model for measuring organizational learning capability and we can classify them into 5 dimensions: Managerial commitment and empowerment, experimentation, Risk taking, Openness and interaction with external environment, Integration and knowledge transfer

The general population cohort in rural south-western Uganda: a platform for communicable and non-communicable disease studies.

The General Population Cohort (GPC) was set up in 1989 to examine trends in HIV prevalence and incidence, and their determinants in rural south-western Uganda. Recently, the research questions have included the epidemiology and genetics of communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) to address the limited data on the burden and risk factors for NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa. The cohort comprises all residents (52% aged ≥13years, men and women in equal proportions) within one-half of a rural sub-county, residing in scattered houses, and largely farmers of three major ethnic groups. Data collected through annual surveys include; mapping for spatial analysis and participant location; census for individual socio-demographic and household socioeconomic status assessment; and a medical survey for health, lifestyle and biophysical and blood measurements to ascertain disease outcomes and risk factors for selected participants. This cohort offers a rich platform to investigate the interplay between communicable diseases and NCDs. There is robust infrastructure for data management, sample processing and storage, and diverse expertise in epidemiology, social and basic sciences. For any data access enquiries you may contact the director, MRC/UVRI, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS by email to [email protected] or the corresponding author

Balancing Selection on a Regulatory Region Exhibiting Ancient Variation That Predates Human–Neandertal Divergence

Ancient population structure shaping contemporary genetic variation has been recently appreciated and has important implications regarding our understanding of the structure of modern human genomes. We identified a ∼36-kb DNA segment in the human genome that displays an ancient substructure. The variation at this locus exists primarily as two highly divergent haplogroups. One of these haplogroups (the NE1 haplogroup) aligns with the Neandertal haplotype and contains a 4.6-kb deletion polymorphism in perfect linkage disequilibrium with 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across diverse populations. The other haplogroup, which does not contain the 4.6-kb deletion, aligns with the chimpanzee haplotype and is likely ancestral. Africans have higher overall pairwise differences with the Neandertal haplotype than Eurasians do for this NE1 locus (p<10−15). Moreover, the nucleotide diversity at this locus is higher in Eurasians than in Africans. These results mimic signatures of recent Neandertal admixture contributing to this locus. However, an in-depth assessment of the variation in this region across multiple populations reveals that African NE1 haplotypes, albeit rare, harbor more sequence variation than NE1 haplotypes found in Europeans, indicating an ancient African origin of this haplogroup and refuting recent Neandertal admixture. Population genetic analyses of the SNPs within each of these haplogroups, along with genome-wide comparisons revealed significant FST (p = 0.00003) and positive Tajima's D (p = 0.00285) statistics, pointing to non-neutral evolution of this locus. The NE1 locus harbors no protein-coding genes, but contains transcribed sequences as well as sequences with putative regulatory function based on bioinformatic predictions and in vitro experiments. We postulate that the variation observed at this locus predates Human–Neandertal divergence and is evolving under balancing selection, especially among European populations