Het spel der betekenissen

In de hermeneutiek wordt wel onderscheid gemaakt tussen de reconstructieve (Schleiermacher en Dilthey), constructieve (Gadamer) en deconstructieve (Derrida) hermeneutiek. Of de laatste tot de hermeneutiek kan worden gerekend, wordt wel betwijfeld. Het verbinden van de begrippen ‘spel’ en ‘interpretatie’, aan de hand van ‘speldenkers’ als Huizinga, Caillois en Gadamer, kan de overeenkomsten en verschillen van de genoemde drie vormen van hermeneutiek verhelderen. Dit perspectief zorgt tevens voor een kader waarin ook de deconstructieve hermeneutiek als deel van het ‘verstaansspel’ kan worden aangemerkt, waarin elke hermeneuticus speelt volgens (en soms met de) eigen regels

Non-resonant background suppression in preresonance CARS spectra of flavin adenine dinucleotide: Demonstration of a background suppression technique using phase mismatching and comparison with the polarization-sensitive CARS technique

Polarization-sensitive CARS spectra of a 5.7 × 10-3 mol dm-3 flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) solution were recorded under preresonance conditions at a pump wavelength of 532 nm. The depolarization ratios of the vibrations are shown to be close to the depolarization ratio of the non-resonant background. This results in a severe reduction of the vibration resonant signal (a factor of 700-900) in the polarization CARS spectrum, and a poor improvement in the ratio of the resonant signal and the non-resonant background (<10). \ud In this context, a non-resonant background suppression technique is discussed and demonstrated for 5.7 × 10-3 and 1.4 × 10-3 mol dm-3 FAD solutions excited at 532 nm; the non-resonant susceptibility of the walls of the cuvette, which contains the FAD solution, is used to compensate the non-resonant signal contribution of the solution. An improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of ca. 50 is achieved at the cost of a factor of 30 in the resonant signal strength. Lorentzian-shaped spectral bands are obtained, facilitating the determination of band position, width and intensity. Line shape parameters and depolarization ratios for FAD are extracted from the presented spectra by curve fitting. The signal strength and background suppression achieved with these techniques and the resonance CARS technique (at a pump wavelength of 480 nm) are compared and discussed

Two small-volume electrochemical cells for the measurement of surface enhanced Raman scattering

Two electrochemical cells, for performing surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), with submillilitre volumes are presented. One of the cells is especially developed for use in a Raman microspectrometer. The smallest cell uses only 80 mu l of sample. SER measurements are performed on 2*10-3 M adenine

Quantification of surface and groundwater resources in the Anyari watershed of the Upper East Region in Ghana

United States Agency for International Developmen

Impacts of Rainfall and Forest Cover Change on Runoff in Small Catchments: A Case Study of Mulunguzi and Namadzi Catchment Areas in Southern Malawi

The impacts of climate change on water resources have received much attention globally especially in the last 30 years. Rainfall, the main driver of the hydrological cycle, has been varying in parts of the world in various ways. The picture is more complicated if impacts of land cover changes on water resources are also taken into consideration. These two pose challenges which require an integrated approach to address. Not many of such studies have been conducted in Malawian catchments and other tropical regions. In this study, annual, seasonal and monthly series of rainfall and river discharge of the Mulunguzi and Namadzi River catchments, two small sub-catchments in the Lake Chilwa catchment area, were analysed for trends using the non parametric Mann-Kendall statistic and Sens slope estimator. Further, Linear regression and the RainRU model were applied to establish whether the relationship between rainfall and runoff in the two catchments has changed. Furthermore, linear regression was used to establish how increased forest cover has influenced river flows in the two catchments. The results suggest that rainfall in the Mulunguzi catchment has decreased significantly at all scales and this has also led to reduced river flows. Increased forest cover since the pre 1950s has also resulted in reduced flows but this is not as significant as the rainfall decrease. In the Namadzi catchment, the rainfall trends suggest a varying pattern with no obvious straight trends. At annual and some months timescale, the rainfall has increased significantly. The river flow on the other hand suggests an overall declining pattern. This pattern is well linked with significant forest area increments which have occurred since 1995. It is therefore important that more detailed studies should be conducted to gain further insight to these relations as both catchments are important socioeconomically.Keywords: Land use; land cover; river flow; rainfall; climate change

Kurkuliy, kotiy, zalaziy and other elements of modern periodic systems (revisiting the worldmodeling function of a language game)

The presented article deals with the phenomenon of the language game in its world-modeling function. Based on the linguoculturological analysis of gaming word-formation innovations, created by analogy with the names of chemical elements included in the periodic table, the authors develop the theory that the speaker (the person playing) creates a specific gaming reality. This reality reflects the most significant ideas for the speaker’s consciousness of the world around us: about healthy and unhealthy food, about banking services, about social groups, about pets, etc. It is the Periodic System of Chemical Elements in such a game that acts as the matrix basis for streamlining the key realities of things of the world.Представленная статья посвящена феномену языковой игры в её миромоделирующей функции. На основе лингвокультурологического анализа игровых словообразовательных инноваций, созданных по аналогии с названиями химических элементов, входящих в Периодическую таблицу Менделеева, авторы развивают теорию о том, что говорящий (человек играющий) создаёт специфическую игровую реальность. В этой реальности отражаются наиболее значимые для сознания говорящего представления об окружающем мире: о полезной и вредной еде, о банковских услугах, об общественных группах, о домашних любимцах и др. Именно Периодическая система химических элементов в такой игре выступает матричной основой для упорядочивания ключевых реалий вещного мира

Water availability for dry season irrigation in the Anayari watershed in Ghana

United States Agency for International Developmen