Screening of some cowpea genotypes for photosensitivity

Experiments were conducted in 2008 at International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Kano Station. The varieties were planted in March which coincided with the dry season and in July for the rainy season planting. Data were collected on number of days taken from sowing to flower budinitiation, first opened flower and first pod maturity. This was aimed at evaluating the effects of daylenths on phenology. The results revealed that daylength had significant effect on phenology in all the genotypes. Four genotypes including IT99K241-2, IT97K 568-19, IT99K 213-11-1, IT98K 131-2 and IT99K 216-48-1 were found to be photoperiod sensitive while four genotypes which include IT99K 1092-2, IT97K 454-3, IT97K 409-4 and IT93K 452-1 were observed to be photoperiod insensitive. Based on the results, the cowpea genotypes were characterized into early(IT98K 131-2, IT99K 1092-2, IT93K 452-1, IT97K 409-4 and IT97K 454-3), medium (IT97K 568-19, IT99K 216-48-1 and IT99K 213 – 11 – 11), and late (IT99K 241-2) maturing varieties.Keywords: Cowpea genotype, Phenology, Daylength, Photosensitivit

Rotational Grazing System for Beef Cows on Dwarf Elephantgrass Pasture for Two Years after Establishment

An intensive rotational grazing system for dwarf and late heading (DL) elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) pasture was examined in a summer period for two years following establishment. Four 0.05 of DL elephant grass pastures (20×25 m) were established on May 2003. They were rotationally grazed for 1 week, followed by a 3-week rest period by three breeding or raising beef cattle for three and six cycles during the first and second years of establishment respectively. Before grazing, the plant height, leaf area index and the ratio of leaf blade to stem were at the highest, while tiller number increased and herbage mass tended to increase, except for the first grazing cycle both two years and for one paddock in the second year. Herbage consumption, the rate of herbage consumption and dry matter intake tended to decrease in three paddocks from the first to the third cycle in the first year, but increase as grazing occurred in the second year. Dry matter intake averaged 10.2-14.5 and 15.4–23.2 g DM/kg/live weight (LW)/day over the four paddocks in the first and second year, respectively, and average daily gains were 0.09 and 0.35 kg/head/day in the first and second year respectively. The carrying capacities were estimated at 1,016 and 208 cow-days (CD)/ha (annual total 1,224 CD/ha) in the first year and 1,355 and 207 CD/ha (annual total 1,562 CD/ha) in the second year. Thus, DL elephant grass pasture can expand the grazing period for beef cows for the following two-year establishment. (Animal Production 13(1):10-17 (2011) Key Words: dwarf elephant grass, herbage mass, plant characters, rotational grazin

Antimicrobial activity of moringa on ear, nose and throat associated fungi, and vancomycin resistant cocci isolated at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

This study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of Moringa on ear, nose and throat associated fungi and vancomycin resistant cocci. The plant material was extracted with methanol and petroleum ethe and screened for phytochemical contents. The microbial isolates were obtained from females and males patients (both adults and children) attending ear, nose and throat clinic at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Coccal bacteria and fungi were isolated accordingly. The cocci were screened for vancomycin resistance. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using gradient double (12.5-100mg/mL) assay. The MIC, MBC/MFC and Brine shrimp toxicity test were also conducted. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus were isolated. Up to 21.4% of S. aureus were vancomycin resistant, 20% of S. pneumoniae isolated were vancomycin resistant and 16.7% S. pyogenes were vancomycin resistant. The plant extracts showed zones of inhibition of 08mm-20mm at concentrations ranging from 12.5-100mg/mL. The most susceptible organism to both extracts was C. albicans and the least susceptible was S. aureus. The MIC of the methanol extracts ranged from 0.78 to 50mg/mL but MBC/MFC ranged from 6.25 to 200mg/mL. The MIC of the petroleum ether was at 50 to 200mg/mL and the MBC/MFC was from 200 to 800mg/mL. The brine shrimp lethality assay showed LC50 value of 93.48μg/mL for Moringa methanol extract while the LC50 value for Moringa petroleum ether extract was 3.691μg/mL. Moringa methanol extract (100mg/mL), showed appreciable activity against the fungal isolates and vancomycin resistant cocci associated with Ear, Nose and Throat symptoms while Moringa petroleum ether extract showed activity only on the fungal isolate C. albicans. The study demonstrated that Moringa methanol extracts was more active than Moringa petroleum ether extracts. The search for novel cytotoxic ingredient in Moringa should be encouraged.Keywords: Antimicrobial, Moringa, Ear, Nose, Throat, Fungi, Vancomycin, Resistant, Cocc

Pembelajaran Kooperatif Berkirim Salam Dan Soal Untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas Dan Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika Fkip Unram Pada Mata Kuliah Kimia Dasar

: The research has been done to improve activity and academic achievement of second semesterstudents of mathematics education program FKIP University of Mataram academic year 2008/2009 in general chemistry subject through cooperative learning exchanging greetings and questions. There were two cycles of learning in the research. The criteria of the success of the research are student activities were active and misconception student on low level. The results indicated that cooperative learning berkirim salam dan soal can improve activity and academic achievement students. In the first cycle was 52,10% students has misconception and in the second cycle has 18,15%.Criteria students activity in first cycle was very low and in the second cycle students activity was active

Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis in the Estimation of Allocative Efficiency of Part-time Food Crop Farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria

In this paper, stochastic frontier cost model is used to analyze the allocative efficiency of part-time food crop farmers in Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria and also to establish the socio-economic factors that determine allocative efficiency. It is evident from the study that part-time food crop farmers are not fully efficient in their allocation of production resources.  This was confirmed by the presence of allocative inefficiency effects in part-time food crop farming with average allocative efficiency of 97.95 %. The study also revealed that rising age and household size contribute to allocative inefficiency in part-time food crop farming, while level of education and farming experience were found to increase allocative efficiency among the part-time food crop farmers. It is recommended that policies aimed at encouraging relatively younger and educated persons and providing them easy access to improved seeds and fertilizers should be formulated .This will go a long way in enhancing allocative efficiency in part-time food crop farming. Keywords: Part-time farming, stochastic frontier cost model, allocative efficienc

Effect of cropping systems induced shading on the physiology of cowpea varieties intercropped with sorghum based systems in the savannah ecology of Nigeria

Six cowpea varieties (IT98K-131-1, IT04K-227-4, IT89KD-288, IT93K-452-1, IT97K-499-35 and IT99K-573-1-1) were intercropped with a local sorghum (Kaura) using four row arrangements (1C:1S, 2C:2S, Mixed crop and sole) in fields experiment conducted at Minjibir and research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Bayero University Kano located in the Sudan Savannah ecological zone of Nigeria during the 2015 and 2016 rainy seasons. In the field, the experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant difference on cowpea cropping systems and variety on the physiology of cowpea. At BUK in both years and the combined, cowpea had higher non significant percent light interception at sole, at both sampling period’s varieties IT98K-131-1 and IT93K-452-1 intercepted higher percent light compared with the other varieties similarly chlorophyll content was higher at sole, varieties IT97K-499-35, IT04K-227-4 and IT98K-131-1 had significantly higher chlorophyll content. At Minjibir in both years and the combined, sole row arrangement had the higher non significant percent light interception while variety IT89KD-288 had no significant higher light interception. In both trials, higher percent light interception was recorded in variety IT98K-131-1 and varieties IT04K-227-4 and IT97K-499- 35 had a significant combined effect on chlorophyll content.Keywords: Cropping systems, Cowpea varieties, Shading and physiolog

Uji Efikasi Agens Hayati Terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri (Xanthomonas Oryzae Pv. Oryzae) Pada Beberapa Varietas Padi Sawah (Oryza Sativa)

Syahrial Damanik, Biological agents efficacy test to blight leaf disease Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae on some rice varieties (Oryza sativa). The aim of this research was to find suitablebiological agens to inhibit attack from blight leaf disease and also to discover most resistentvarieties to wants Leaf Blight Disease.This research was conducted using randomized completelydesign (RCD) factorial consisting of two treatment factors and three replications. The first factornamely T0, T1, T2 (Control, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma sp with Pseudomonasfluorescens) the second factor's variety V1, V2, V3 (Inpari 13, Mekongga, Ciherang).The result showed that on Biological agents treatment, the lowest disease intensity occured atTrichoderma sp with Pseudomonas fluorescens of 4.74 % and highest intensity disease occured atControl for 23.14 %. Varieties treatment had the lowest disease intensity in Ciherang for 7.79 %and highest disease intensity in Inpari 13 for 19.06 %. Interaction between biological agents andvarieties had the lowest disease intensity in Trichoderma sp with P. fluorescens and Inpari 13 for3.77 % and highest in Control and Mekongga for 33.97 %. The highest production in biologicalagents treatment occured in Trichoderma sp with P. fluorescens for 7.46 tons/ha and the lowest inControl for 3.63 tons/ha. The highest production on varieties treatment occured in Ciherang for 6.40tons/ha and the lowest in Inpari 13 for 4.98 tons/ha

Antioxidant and Antipyretic Activities of Adansonia Digitata (African Baobab) Fruit, Leaf And Bark Extracts

The   study   was   conducted   to   evaluate the   antioxidant   and antipyretic activity of Adansonia digitata (African Baobab) fruit, leaf and bark extracts.  Antioxidant activity of plant part extracts were determined by free radical   Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay   while   the   antipyretic activity was assessed using experimental animals. Antioxidant activity of leaf extract showed a value of 13.40±0.77, bark extract 29.23±1.69 while fruit extract gave a value of 39.21±2.26. For the Antipyretic activity results, the average temperature of Albino Wister rats was   21.65±0.96 oC   before   fever   inducement   and 30.64±1.37 oC   after inducement. Following the administration of the leaf extract (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg), bark   extract (400 mg/kg   and   800 mg/kg) and   fruit   extract (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg), the body temperature of the albino rats fell to25.96±1.16 oC vs.   25.28±1.13 oC, 26.06±1.17 oC vs. 25.02±1.12 oC, and 25.78±1.15 oC vs. 24.30±1.09 oC respectively. The   results   showed   that   the   fruit   extract   has   a   higher antioxidant and antipyretic activity than bark and leaf extracts

Uji Efektivitas Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (Npv) Terhadap Pengendalian Hama Penggerek Batang Jagung Ostrinia Furnacalis Guenee (Lepidoptera:pyralidae) Pada Berbagai Instar Di Laboratorium

Researech on title test of effectivity nuclear polyhedrosis virus on controlling corn borerOstrina furnacalis Guenee (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) on some instar in the laboratory. The researchaim to know the concentrate of NPV on some instar of corn borer controlling in the laboratory.This research used randomized complete design factorial with two factor, i.e. instar of larva (3, 4and 5) and dose of NPV (0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm) with three replications. The results showedthat the highest percentage of mortality was 86,08% (virus dose 3000 ppm) and the lowest was7,52% (control)

Survei Pengendalian Hama Terpadu Hama Lalat Buah Bactroceraspp. Pada Tanaman Jeruk Di Tiga Kecamatan Kabupaten Karo

Research Survey of integrated pest management fruit flyBactroceraspp on cytrus in threesubdistrict\u27s of Karo\u27s regency.The aim of this research was to find out relation between integratedpest management with the number of fruit flies imago, damage percentage and production of orangein three Karo regency. This research had been conducted at farmer field Simpang Empat, BarusJahe dan Tiga Panah, Kabupaten Karo pada May - September 2013 using survey method bycorrelation quantitative analyze rank Spearman. The result showed that the number of orange fruitflies had a significant corelation with damage percentage of fruit flies (rxy= 0,733), and integrated pestmanagement was not have the significant corelation with damage percentage (rx1y= 0,256) but had asignificant corelation with production of cytrus in Karo (rx1y1= 0,464). The highest number ofBactrocera spp imago were showed in Tiga Panah with 71,07 imago number and the lowest wereshowed in Barus Jahe with 23,76 imago number. The highest damage percentage were inTiga Panah 14,27% and the lowest damage percentage were in Barus Jahe 5,89%. The best orangeproduction were in Barus Jahe with 14,05 ton/ha/year, and the lowest production were inTiga Panah with 10,05ton/ha/year