Higher Spin Gravity in AdS3AdS_3 and Folds on Fermi Surface

In this paper, we introduce new sets of boundary conditions for higher spin gravity in $AdS_3$ where the boundary dynamics of spin two and other higher spin fields are governed by the interacting collective field theory Hamiltonian of Avan and Jevicki. We show that the time evolution of spin two and higher spin fields can be captured by the classical dynamics of folded fermi surfaces in the similar spirit of Lin, Lunin and Maldacena. We also construct infinite sequences of conserved charges showing the integrable structure of higher spin gravity under the boundary conditions we considered. Further, we observe that there are two possible sequences of conserved charges depending on whether the underlying boundary fermions are non-relativistic or relativistic.Comment: 26 pages, 2 figure

Relationship of thyroid function with body fat, waist circumference, sub-cutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in eu-thyroid female subjects

Background: The relationship between thyroid function, body weight and central obesity in euthyroid individuals has been given a great medical concern. Central abdominal adiposity can be divided into adipose tissue present in subcutaneous areas (SCAT) and visceral areas (VAT). The type of adiposity may be implicated in the associations of thyroid function parameters with obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate thyroid function and its possible relationship with BMI, body fat percent, waist circumference, SCAT and VAT in eu-thyroid female subjects.Methods: Randomly selected eu-thyroid female subjects were included in this study. Their BMI was estimated by metric method, body fat percent was measured by Harpenden skin fold caliper. Ultrasound (US) was used to assess regional adiposity. Serum TSH was measured from fasting serum sample by Enzyme-linked-immuno-sorbant (ELISA) Assay. Data was analysed by SPSS (version 18).Results: A positive linear association was found between serum TSH level and BMI, body fat percent, waist circumference and VAT. (r=0.342, p 25 kg/m2) females. Body fat percentage, BMI and VAT were found to be significant independent predictors of TSH.Conclusions: Selective reduction of visceral fat may induce greater beneficial effects on the parameters of thyroid hormones than subcutaneous fat reduction.

Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and the recurrence of breast cancer in a tertiary care rural hospital of West Bengal, India

Background: Prior studies have shown long-term outcome of Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy (NACT) for locally advanced breast carcinoma. The purpose of the current study was to analyse the number and pattern of breast cancer recurrence at a rural hospital of West Bengal, India. The study also tried to evaluate the type of therapy received by the recurrent patients during their primary presentation and compare the disease free survival rate of the patients receiving NACT and Adjuvant Chemotherapy (ACT).Methods: A single institution (B.S. Medical College, Bankura) retrospective chart review in the year of 2011-2014 was performed. The Kaplan-Meier methods were used to calculate disease-free survival (DFS) from the date of initiation of NACT to the date of recurrence.Results: Of 776 patients in four years (2011-2014) total numbers of breast cancer recurrent patients were 30. The Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed disease free survival of 5 years (95% confidence interval) in case of early stage breast cancer (EBC) and 2.5 years (95% CI) in locally advanced breast CA (LABC). It was 29 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.74-33.253) for recurrence free survival in case of patients treated with NACT and 60 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 58.13-61.86) for recurrence free survival in case of patients not treated by NACT i.e. ACT cases.Conclusions: This study indicates multimodality Neo-Adjuvant chemotherapy helps to achieve complete pathological response in locally advance breast cancer. Despite the recurrence free survival in NACT patients is significantly low than the patients who received adjuvant chemothepapy

Role of Prostate Specific Antigen, Digital Rectal Examination and Trans Rectal Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer in Patients with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the roles of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in the detection of prostate cancer among patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and having an International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) of not less than 7. Material and Methods: This study was carried out in I.P.G.M.E.R and S.S.K.M Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from March 2011 to March 2012. Sixty patients presenting with LUTS and with an IPSS not less than 7 had been screened for prostate cancer using PSA estimation, DRE and TRUS. Transrectal sextant prostate biopsy was performed in all patients. Results: The PSA estimation revealed 85% sensitivity and 72.5% specificity for the patients with a serum total PSA level >10 ng/ml. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 60.7%. If 4 ng/ml is taken as a lower cutoff value for serum total PSA, the sensitivity increases to 95%, whereas specificity reduces to 46.66% and PPV becomes 50%. DRE alone showed 60% sensitivity, 92.5% specificity and 80% PPV for the diagnosis of carcinoma prostate. TRUS has the highest sensitivity (75%) and highest specificity (85%). However, the PPV was 71.43%. When DRE and serum PSA >10 ng/ml were combined, the sensitivity and specificity were raised to 90% and 70% respectively. The PPV was 60%. This was almost comparable with the combination of DRE, serum PSA >10 ng/ml, and TRUS, which has a 90% sensitivity and 85% specificity. The PPV was 75%. Conclusion: None of the single screening tools had that much efficacy in differentiating carcinoma of prostate from benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients with LUTS. Combining PSA, DRE and TRUS increases sensitivity, specificity and PPV of PC detection. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2014; 3(1.000): 40-46

Presentation and diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology and ultrasonography in detecting breast cancer in tribal females of rural West Bengal

Background: The present study tried to have a comparative analysis of the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasonography (USG) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the detection of breast cancer among a tribal population. Materials and Methods: Ninety two tribal females attending surgical outdoor with breast lumps were included in the study. Their demographic parameters, the mode of presentation, time lapse since first noticed, presence and absence of well- known breast cancer risk factors were studied. All patients were subjected to FNAC and USG and the findings of these two investigations were compared with the histopathology reports when the patients came for a follow-up. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences software version 17 for Windows. Percentage, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values (PPV) were calculated. Results: Among 92 patients 68 (74%) were diagnosed to have benign breast disease and 24 (26%) had carcinoma breast. Although the age of presentation of these patients did not differ from that of the western population, the time lapse since first noticed and the prevalence of well-known risk factors of breast cancer such as, parity and the usage of oral contracep- tive pills differed markedly in the study group. The sensitivity, specificity and PPV of ultrasonography were 91.67%, 91.18% and 78.58% respectively and that of FNAC was found as 95.83%, 97% and 92%. Conclusion: The study observed a late presentation of breast lump in tribal rural women of Bankura, West Bengal. Nev- ertheless, the accuracy of the screening procedures like USG and FNAC are comparable with that of the Western World. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2015; 4(3.000): 142-147

Environmental contaminants in pathogenesis of breast cancer

597-617This review is an attempt to comprehend the diverse groups of environmental chemical contaminants with a potential for pathogenesis of breast cancer, their probable sources and the possible mechanisms by which these environmental contaminants act and interplay with other risk factors. Estrogens are closely related to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Oxidative catabolism of estrogen, mediated by various cytochrome P450 enzymes, generates reactive free radicals that can cause oxidative damage. The same enzymes of estrogenic metabolic pathways catalyze biological activation of several environmental (xenobiotic) chemicals. Xenobiotic chemicals may exert their pathological effects through generation of reactive free radicals. Breast tissue can be a target of several xenobiotic agents. DNA-reactive metabolites of different xenobiotic compounds have been detected in breast tissue. Many phase I and II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are expressed in both normal and cancerous breast tissues. These enzymes play a significant role in the activation/detoxification of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds including estrogens. More than 30 carcinogenic chemicals are present in tobacco smoke; many of them are fat-soluble, resistant to metabolism and can be stored in breast adipose tissue. Similarly, pesticides are also known to cause oxidative stress; while some act as endocrine disruptor, some are shown to suppress apoptosis in estrogen sensitive cell lines. Reports have shown an association of smoking (both active and passive) and pesticides with breast cancer risk. However, the issues have remained controversial. Different mutagenic substances that are generated in the cooking process e.g., heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be a threat to breast tissue. PAHs and dioxins exert their adverse effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which activates several genes involved in the metabolisms of xenobiotic compounds and endogenous estrogens. These chemicals also induce AhR-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction. Many of the environmental pollutants suppress the immune system, which are implicated to risk. A better understanding about the biological effects of different environmental carcinogenic compounds and determination of their impact on rising incidence of breast cancer will be beneficial in improving preventive policy against breast cancer