Activated mono-, di-, and polysaccharides reaction products thereof, their preparation and uses

Reaction at the interface of an organic solution containing an acidic reactant and an aqueous alkaline solution containing nonreducing carbohydrates such as sucrose, sugar alcohols, cyclodextrins, and polysaccharides imparts a specificity to the reaction for one or more of the primary alcohol groups of the carbohydrate reactant. The resulting activated, nonreducing carbohydrate intermediate can then be converted to a series of substantially pure, low molecular weight reaction products, including a sucrose trimer and dianhydrosucrose, and to a series of substantially pure, higher molecular weight reaction products, including 6-O-sucro cyclodextrins and poly-6-O-sucro amylose

Towards a friendly payday loan

In Toronto and Vancouver, the two biggest big cities of Canada there is a large section of the population who have precarious income, living paycheck to paycheck. They usually have poor credit scores and when they suddenly need a loan, usually to cover basic expenses, they have to resort to high-interest payday lending, as banks do not extend loans to them. The payday loans have an inflexible repayment structure that forces the borrower to take another payday loan, eventually pushing many into a negative spiral. This MRP focuses on understanding the needs of these urban-working-poor borrowers and seek design solutions - to reduce uptake of payday loans and find viable alternatives to payday loans. I have applied the tools of design thinking and behavioral economics to find solutions. The criteria of success are whether the proposed design strategy solutions decrease the incident and frequency of the uptake of these high-interest payday loans by the urban working poor

The Game with Death : a transgressive tradition of Villa Adriana

Villa Adriana has long been hailed as poetry in architectural form. A world building project executed at the scale of landscape, it manipulated the very fabric of the earth with audacity, draining a river plain, conjuring valleys and precipices, cutting into soft tufa and drawing water like fine threadwork through the site. Famously inspiring Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Kahn, architects have long looked at the pieces of this game and reconfigured them in tune to their interpretations. These volumes and axes, eternally in collision, taught them to play their own games with architecture. Thus began a transgressive tradition in architecture. With Hadrian, a politically and spiritually fraught figure, began the tradition of cultural and architectural transgressions upon this sprawling site; he challenged the boundaries of context and transcended them through cross-cultural play with form. The Villa is a riddle in space, quicksand magic. Its constant movement across space and time positions it as a game best kept out of the glass box of architectural history. This thesis argues that Villa Adriana is meant to be played with, for the game is infinite and can never be lost or won. While traversing Villa Adriana’s landscape in 1947, a young American writer, Eleanor Clark, wrote in her memoir that “Hadrian’s game was with Death.” Comparing it with the “childish whimsies” of Versailles, she intuitively felt Villa Adriana was an entirely different game – something grave, vast, unfathomable. If Versailles was one of life’s grand illusions, Villa Adriana encapsulated the very essence of it. This thesis will use Eleanor Clark’s words as a prompt to begin a world building exercise constructed using memory and phenomenological encounter, through a game in writing and drawing architecture

Mechanisms of effector secretion in the Yersinia type III secretion system /

Pathogens utilize a variety of mechanisms to survive and reproduce within their host. The type III secretion (T3S) system is a pathogenic mechanism employed by many gram negative bacteria, including Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia, the last of which is responsible for the bubonic plague (Y. pestis) as well as gastrointestinal infections (Y. enterocolitca and Y. pseudotuberculosis). The T3S system is made up of approximately 20-25 proteins which form a needle-like complex with similarity to the bacterial flagellum. Yersinia spp. utilize this system to translocate effectors into the host cell. These effectors enable Yersinia to evade host immune responses and ensure bacterial survival. This dissertation aims to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of effector secretion by the Yersinia T3S. In this dissertation, I present contributions I have made to published papers on the translocation of the effector YopE as well as structural and functional characteristics of an inner membrane protein of the T3S injectisome, YscD. I present my findings on the functional characteristics of an essential T3S component, YscO. I further show how protein-protein interactions between YscO and the T3S molecular ruler, YscP, dictate T3S function. In this dissertation, I also present methods for identifying potential binding partners to the secretion and translocation signals of the effector YopE. I present the construction of two vectors to use the RaPID and reverse- CLIP techniques for the identification of binding partners to the 5'mRNA signal of YopE. Both of these techniques utilize in vivo crosslinking and streptavidin affinity purification coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Finally, I present potential binding partners to the first 80 amino acids of YopE which encompass the 5'/N-terminal signal as well as the chaperone binding (Cb) region. Using streptavidin affinity purification coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, I found that the inner rod protein YscI and the ATPase regulator YscL selectively bind wild-type YopE1-80 and a non-translocating mutant of YopE called 3- Ala1-80. I also found that the T3S gate-keeper YopN selectively binds 3-Ala1-80 and not wild-type YopE1-8

Functionally essential interaction between Yersinia YscO and the T3S4 domain of YscP.

The type III secretion (T3S) system is essential to the virulence of a large number of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, including Yersinia. YscO is required for T3S in Yersinia and is known to interact with several other T3S proteins, including the chaperone SycD and the needle length regulator YscP. To define which interactions of YscO are required for T3S, we pursued model-guided mutagenesis: three conserved and surface-exposed regions of modeled YscO were targeted for multiple alanine substitutions. Most of the mutations abrogated T3S and did so in a recessive manner, consistent with a loss of function. Both functional and nonfunctional YscO mutant proteins interacted with SycD, indicating that the mutations had not affected protein stability. Likewise, both functional and nonfunctional versions of YscO were exclusively intrabacterial. Functional and nonfunctional versions of YscO were, however, distinguishable with respect to interaction with YscP. This interaction was observed only for wild-type YscO and a T3S-proficient mutant of YscO but not for the several T3S-deficient mutants of YscO. Evidence is presented that the YscO-YscP interaction is direct and that the type III secretion substrate specificity switch (T3S4) domain of YscP is sufficient for this interaction. These results provide evidence that the interaction of YscO with YscP, and in particular the T3S4 domain of YscP, is essential to type III secretion

The Relationship between the Stage of Development and Susceptibility to DDT and the Pyrethrins of Diataraxia oleracea (L.), Tenebrio molitor L., and Periplaneta americana (L.)

RESP-319

Activated mono-, di-, and polysaccharides reaction products thereof, their preparation and uses

Reaction at the interface of an organic solution containing an acidic reactant and an aqueous alkaline solution containing nonreducing carbohydrates such as sucrose, sugar alcohols, cyclodextrins, and polysaccharides imparts a specificity to the reaction for one or more of the primary alcohol groups of the carbohydrate reactant. The resulting activated, nonreducing carbohydrate intermediate can then be converted to a series of substantially pure, low molecular weight reaction products, including a sucrose trimer and dianhydrosucrose, and to a series of substantially pure, higher molecular weight reaction products, including 6-O-sucro cyclodextrins and poly-6-O-sucro amylose.</p