Significance of clean water for sustainable good health in Nigeria

The significance of the impact of water-related diseases on human health has been recognized as a major threat to sustainable human development in some international forums. This study is an investigation into the correlation between unclean water and the outbreak of water-related diseases in Nigeria. It was established from the review of previous researches that the concept of clean water and sanitation is critical to the good health and well-being of all individuals. Nigeria still has a long way to go towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal number 6 (SDG 6) of the United Nations, hence it is high time government at all levels and individuals embraced Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) agenda 2030

Significance of clean water for sustainable good health in Nigeria

The significance of the impact of water-related diseases on human health has been recognized as a major threat to sustainable human development in some international forums. This study is an investigation into the correlation between unclean water and the outbreak of water-related diseases in Nigeria. It was established from the review of previous researches that the concept of clean water and sanitation is critical to the good health and well-being of all individuals. Nigeria still has a long way to go towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal number 6 (SDG 6) of the United Nations, hence it is high time government at all levels and individuals embraced Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) agenda 2030

Experimental investigation on post-fire performances of fly ash concrete filled hollow steel column

In structural engineering practice, understanding the performance of composite columns under extreme loading conditions such as high-rise bulding, long span and heavy loads is essential to accuratly predicting of material responses under severe loads such as fires or earthquakes. Hitherto, the combined effect of partial axial loads and subsequent elevated temperatures on the performance of hollow steel column filled fly ash concrete have not been widely investigated. Comprehensive test was carried out to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on partial axially loaded square hollow steel column filled fly ash concrete as reported in this paper. Four batches of hollow steel column filled fly ash concrete ( 30 percent replacement of fly ash), (HySC) and normal concrete (CFHS) were subjected to four different load levels, nf of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% based on ultimate column strength. Subsequently, all batches of the partially damage composite columns were exposed to transient elevated temperature up to 250o C, 450o C and 650o C for one hour. The overall stress – strain relationship for both types of composited columns with different concrete fillers were presented for each different partial load levels and elevated temperature exposure. Results show that CFHS column has better performance than HySC at ambient temperature with 1.03 relative difference. However, the residual ultimate compressive strength of HySC subjected to partial axial load and elevated temperature exposure present an improvement compared to CFHS column with percentage difference in range 1.9% to 18.3%. Most of HySC and CFHS column specimens failed due to local buckling at the top and middle section of the column caused by concrete crushing. The columns failed due to global buckling after prolong compression load. After the compression load was lengthened, the columns were found to fail due to global buckling except for HySC0

Performance of Rubberized Concrete-filled Hollow Steel Column under Monotonic and Cyclic Loadings

Concrete-filled hollow steel (CFHS) has become more popular due to its advantages and benefits compared to reinforced concrete. This paper presents the experimental investigation on the performance of rubberized pozzolanic concrete-filled hollow steel column (RuPCFHS) under monotonic and cyclic lateral load in comparison to bare hollow steel column and normal concrete-filled hollow steel column (NCFHS). The test parameters included the type of concrete infill and the level of axial load. Modified rubberized pozzolanic concrete with comparable compressive strength to that of normal concrete was used. Two types of axial load conditions: no axial load and 20% axial load were considered in the testing. The test results indicate that the performance of the columns improved when concrete infill was introduced in the hollow steel. The application of axial loading also increased the capacity of the column specimens. RuPCFHS behaved with comparable performance with NCFHS in both monotonic and cyclic testing. RuPCFHS recorded the highest increment in the energy dissipation capability when 20% axial load was applied to the column when compared to the other specimens. The comparable performance indicated the possibility of RuPC as an infill material of CFHS and RuPCFHS as a structural component

Effect of high temperatures on physical and compressive strength properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has been widely utilized to replace cement in self - compacting concrete (SCC) to reduce the cost of its production, environmental pollution and health hazard caused in the cement production. However, the effect of high temperatures on SCC incorporating POFA has not been well established. The purpose of this research is to examine effects of high temperatures on the physical and compressive strength properties of SCC incorporating POFA with replacement level of 20% by weight of cement. The compressive strengths of SCC specimens were evaluated at 28 days of curing using both cubes and cylinders. Thereafter, the SCC specimens were exposed to high temperatures of 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C using an electric furnace for a period of 2 hours after attaining the required temperatures. After exposure, mass losses together with residual compressive strength were determined. The results of the test showed that there was a continuous reduction in mass of the specimens with increase in temperature. The results also revealed that the colour of the specimens does not change at 200 °C but the colour changes started to occur between 400 °C up to 800 °C. There was an increase in the residual compressive strength for the two mixes at temperature range of 200 - 400 °C for the cubes and cylinders whereas at the temperature of 400 - 600 °C and 600 - 800 °C, there was a sharp reduction in the residual compressive strength for the two mixes for the cubes and cylinders. The SCC with and without POFA follow the same trends

Effect of Selected Petroleum Products on the Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil

Petroleum contamination causes significant environmental impacts and presents substantial hazards to human health. This study was carried out to identify the effect of selected petroleum products such as petrol, diesel oil and engine oil on the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil in Ede Town (Federal Polytechnic Ede North Campus). Soil samples were collected from both the natural soil (non-oil spillage soil) and contaminated area where there were oil spillage and addition of petrol, diesel oil and engine oil in varying percentages of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. The results showed an increase in grain size distribution on both soil samples with a reduction in optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and Atterberg limit (liquid and plastic limit) respectively. The test results showed an increase in maximum dry density with increasing oil contamination of diesel oil to 20% with reduced optimum moisture content. It was found that the maximum dry density for lateritic soil decreased as petrol content increased up to 20%. However, the reduction in the California bearing ratio due to selected petroleum products (petrol, diesel oil and engine oil) contamination, shows that the presence of these petroleum products has remarkable effect on the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil. The effect of petrol on the geotechnical properties of soil seems to be very low of 0.70grams/ml compared to that of diesel oil of about 0.832grams/ml and engine oil of about 0.875grams/ml respectively due to little time it tends to dry off. The lateritic soil is classified as an A-2-6 soil by AASHTO system and are adjudged suitable for sub grade, good fill and sub-base and base materials. But when being contaminated, the strength of the soil reduces and makes it unsuitable for road foundation design and other construction works. Therefore, lateritic soil contaminated with these petroleum products requires stabilization or an improvement technique such as the use of prefabricated vertical drains. Keywords: Lateritic soil, Petroleum products, Contamination, Compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-3-08 Publication date:May 31st 202

A review on self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash as a cement replacement

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a waste materials dumped into an open field of a palm oil industry and thus, caused environmental contamination and health threat problems. The problems can be lessened by making use of POFA as cement replacement materials. A lot of researchers have conducted a research to study the use of POFA as cement replacement in the production of normal and high strength self-compacting concrete (SCC). However, a strong review on the use of POFA to replace part of cement in the production of SCC is yet to be established. In this paper, physical, chemical properties, morphology of POFA, fresh, hardened and durability properties of SCC incorporating POFA were reviewed. The information presented has shown that sufficient data have been obtained from the review of different articles to give confidence in the general behavior of SCC incorporating POFA

Microstructure and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash exposed to elevated temperatures

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has been extensively used to substitute cement in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) to lessen its production cost, health hazard, energy consumption problems and environmental pollution caused during the production of cement. Nevertheless, the impact of elevated temperatures on self-compacting concrete produced with POFA (POFA-SCC) has not been studied extensively. When designing the fire resistance of concrete at elevated temperatures, its compressive strength is of primary interest. This research endeavor is carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the microstructure and compressive strength of SCC produced from POFA with 15% replacement level by weight of cement. The 28 days compressive strength of SCC samples was determined using concrete cubes. Subsequently, the SCC samples were subjected to elevated temperatures which varying from 200 to 1000 °C at an intermission of 200 °C utilizing an automatic regulated electric furnace for duration of 120 min after reaching the requisite temperatures. After heating, mass losses and compressive strength were evaluated. The microstructures of SCC were also examined by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis. Results revealed that there was an incessant loss in mass of the cubes with upsurge in temperature. There was an upsurge in the values of compressive strength at 400 °C whereas it fluctuated sharply at the range of 400–600 °C, 600–800 °C and 800–1000 °C for the two mixes. The results of the microstructures showed the transformation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) into distinctive phases. The outcome of this research will be applicable in high fire resistance structures and also help to minimize the waste from palm oil factory