Adjustment of the basin-scale circulation at 26 degrees N to variations in Gulf Stream, deep western boundary current and Ekman transports as observed by the Rapid array

The Rapid instrument array across the Atlantic Ocean along 26 degrees N provides unprecedented monitoring of the basin-scale circulation. A unique feature of the Rapid array is the combination of full-depth moorings with instruments measuring temperature, salinity, pressure time series at many depths with co-located bottom pressure measurements so that dynamic pressure can be measured from surface to bottom. Bottom pressure measurements show a zonally uniform rise (and fall) of bottom pressure of 0.015 dbar on a 5 to 10 day time scale, suggesting that the Atlantic basin is filling and draining on a short time scale. After removing the zonally uniform bottom pressure fluctuations, bottom pressure variations at 4000 m depth against the western boundary compensate instantaneously for baroclinic fluctuations in the strength and structure of the deep western boundary current so there is no basin-scale mass imbalance resulting from variations in the deep western boundary current. After removing the mass compensating bottom pressure, residual bottom pressure fluctuations at the western boundary just east of the Bahamas balance variations in Gulf Stream transport. Again the compensation appears to be especially confined close to the western boundary. Thus, fluctuations in either Gulf Stream or deep western boundary current transports are compensated in a depth independent (barotropic) manner very close to the continental slope off the Bahamas. In contrast, compensation for variations in wind-driven surface Ekman transport appears to involve fluctuations in both western basin and eastern basin bottom pressures, though the bottom pressure difference fluctuations appear to be a factor of 3 too large, perhaps due to an inability to resolve small bottom pressure fluctuations after removal of larger zonal average, baroclinic, and Gulf Stream pressure components. For 4 tall moorings where time series dynamic height (geostrophic pressure) profiles can be estimated from sea surface to ocean bottom and bottom pressure can be added, there is no general correlation between surface dynamic height and bottom pressure. Dynamic height on each mooring is strongly correlated with sea surface height from satellite observations and the variability in both dynamic height and satellite sea surface height decrease sharply as the western boundary is approached

Strategi Komunikasi Eksternal dalam Meningkatkan Reputasi Perusahaan Di Tengah Krisis Pandemi Covid-19: Studi Kasus PT Pelabuhan Indonesia IV (Persero)

Komunikasi sangat penting dalam meningkatkan reputasi perusahaan terutama dalam menghadapi masa-masa sulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi komunikasi eksternal dalam meningkatkan peputasi di tengah krisis pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendektan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi komunikasi yang digunakan PT. Pelindo IV ke pihak stakeholders eksternal utamanya pengguna jasa dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan reputasi perusahaan di tengah krisis akibat pandemi Covid-19 adalah pemeanfaatan media; baik cetak, online, elektronik, maupun media sosial dan media internal lainnya yang menjadi penyambung lidah kepada masyarakat

Export behaviour of Pakistani firms: An evaluation of interviews

One of the remarkable features of Pakistan's economic performance since the mid-Fifties has been its success in achieving high rates of growth of manufacturing output and manufactured exports. During the political crisis of 1969-1971, which led to the formation of an independent Bangladesh, the advocates of its' independence attributed this success largely to Pakistan's union with Bangladesh. However, as shown by an analysis of published aggregate data, within a short period of four years after the separation of Bangladesh, Pakistan was once again able to achieve high rates of increase in both manufacturing output and manufactured exports. The limitations of statistics published by Governments are well-known. Not only are the available statistics highly aggregated, but also these statistics often fail to provide answers to relevant questions. Moreover, qualitative information on aspects such as factors affecting export growth and suggestions for policies is not available. It was to supplement information on manufactured exports and to obtain first-hand knowledge at the firm level of problems facing Pakistan's exporters both as a result of the separation of Bangladesh and otherwise, that a sample survey of manufacturing-cum-exporting firms was conducted during the period, November 1974 - March 1975. This study reports and analyses the findings of the Survey.

Pemodelan Numerik Cfd pada Lambung Torpedo

Torpedo pada umumnya berbentuk tabung yang memiliki sistem penggerak sendiri. Torpedo yang dianalisa ini merupakan perpaduan dari desain torpedo jenis MK-44 dan MK-46 menjadi sebuah desain baru yang diharapkan dapat memperoleh performa yang lebih optimal. Dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak berbasis numerik CFD dapat dianalisa efek hidrodinamika yang timbul pada torpedo seperti: distribusi tekanan yang terjadi pada lambung torpedo, arah aliran fluida saat torpedo bergerak, streamline desain torped

Studi Kelayakan Desain Kapal Hisap Tambang

Feasibility study menjadi salah satu langkah penting diawal perencanaan pembangunan kapal. Karena dengan melakukan feasibility study maka akan didapatkan perhiutngan awal gaya-gaya yang akan bekerja pada badan kapal. Pada paper ini feasibility study dilakukan pada kapal jenis Bore Hole Mining (BHM). Kapal BHM ini diharapkan mampu beroperasi pada kedalaman 60 m. Pada paper ini feasibility study yang dibahas adalah analisa stabilitas kapal BHM dan tegangan geser yang dialami kapal BHM kondisi Loadcase Departure, Loadcase Full Load, Loadcase Half Load dan Loadcase Arrival. Dari hasil dari feasibility study yang dilakukan, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan kapal BHM tidak memenuhi standart yang ditetapkan dalam hal stabilitas pada berbagai kondisi loadcase dimana Angle of Minimum GZ kurang dari yang disyaratkan IMO pada 25 deg. Sedangkan untuk shear stress pada berbagai kondisi loadcase masih memenuhi kreteria yang ditetapkan BKI yaitu kurang dari 100MPa

Analisa Bending Stress pada Submerged Floating Tunnel

Perhitungan dengan pemodelan Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak berbasis metode elemen hingga. Analisa struktur terowongan apung menggunakan prinsip kerja dengan mendiskripsikan seluruh beban (force) pada SFT berupa beban internal dan eksternal yang bekerja akan diperoleh momen reaksi yang terjadi sepanjang badan SFT, dengan mengetahui luas penampang melintang SFT maka dapat diperoleh bending stress di seluruh badan SFT.Keywords : submerged floating tunnel (SFT), bending stress, structural analysi

Gentrification and Displacement in the San Francisco Bay Area: A Comparison of Measurement Approaches.

Gentrification may play an important role in influencing health outcomes, but few studies have examined these associations. One major barrier to producing empirical evidence to establish this link is that there is little consensus on how to measure gentrification. To address this barrier, we compared three gentrification classification methodologies in relation to their ability to identify neighborhood gentrification in nine San Francisco Bay Area counties: the Freeman method, the Landis method, and the Urban Displacement Project (UDP) Regional Early Warning System. In the 1580 census tracts, 43% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. The average median household income was $79,671 in 2013. A comparison of gentrification methodologies revealed that the Landis and Freeman methodologies characterized the vast majority of census tracts as stable, and only 5.2% and 6.1% of tracts as gentrifying. UDP characterized 46.7% of tracts at risk, undergoing, or experiencing advanced stages of gentrification and displacement. There was substantial variation in the geographic location of tracts identified as gentrifying across methods. Given the variation in characterizations of gentrification across measures, studies evaluating associations between gentrification and health should consider using multiple measures of gentrification to examine the robustness of the study findings across measures

Pemodelan Numerik Hidroelastis Kapal Frigate

Kapal perang jenis frigate merupakan kapal cepat yang mempunyai froude number berkisar antara 0,4 – 0,5. Pengaruh beban slamming pada kerusakan kelelahan material cukup besar dan mengganggu kinerja peralatan elektronik maupun mekanik yang ada di kapal perang saat beroperasi. Pemodelan Hidroelastis Kapal Frigate ESC40DV dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode elemen hingga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan suatu model prototype struktur lambung kapal perang kelas frigate yang mempunyai tingkat kehandalan yang baik terhadap beban hidroelastis slamming melalui pengaturan bentuk rencana garis (lines plan) struktur lambung tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini nilai beban hidroelastis dianalisa melalui serangkaian perhitungan menggunakana metode numerik elemen hingga, dengan beban pendekatan memakai strip teori. Dari pemodelan diketahui bahwa moda ke-dua kering (dry mode) getaran untuk frigate sebesar 5.2267 Hz dan saat di air mode ke-dua (wet mode) bergeser menjadi sebesar 5.7142 Hz dikarenakan adanya tambahan damping hidrodinamika. Respon harmonik slaming maksimum untuk tekanan dan tegangan struktur pada badan frigate terjadi pada 6,3 MPa dan 69.45 MP

Socioeconomic position, John Henryism, and incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finnish men

Previous cross-sectional studies examining whether John Henryism (JH), or high-effort coping with socioeconomic adversity, potentiates the inverse association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and cardiovascular health have focused mainly on hypertension in African Americans. We conducted the first longitudinal test of this hypothesis on incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in Finland (N = 1405 men, 42-60 years). We hypothesized that the expected inverse gradient between SEP and AMI risk would be stronger for men scoring high on JH than for those scoring low. John Henryism was measured by a Finnish version of the JH Scale for Active Coping. Four different measures of SEP were used: childhood SEP, education, income, and occupation. AMI hazard ratios (HR) by SEP and JH were estimated using COX proportional hazard models, before and after adjustment for study covariates. 205 cases of AMI occurred over a median of 14.9 years. Men employed in lower rank (farmer, blue-collar) occupations who scored high on JH had significantly higher age-adjusted risks of AMI than men in higher rank (white-collar) occupations (HR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.65-5.98 for blue collar; HR = 2.33, 95% Cl: 1.04-5.22 for farmers) who also scored high on JH. No socioeconomic differences in AMI were observed for men who scored low on JH (HR = 136, 95% CI: 0.74 2.47 for blue collar; HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.59-1.48 for farmers; p = 0.002 for the SEP x JH interaction). These findings persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors. Results for other SEP measures were in the same direction, but did not reach statistical significance. Repetitive high-effort coping with adversity (John Henryism) was independently associated with increased risk for AMI in Finnish men, underscoring the potential relevance of the John Henryism hypothesis to CVD outcomes other than hypertension and to populations other than African Americans. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe