Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliğinde Organik Yumurta Üretimi

Ülkemizde organik üretim 1984-1985 yıllarında başlamıştır. Hayvansal üretim diğer ülkelerde olduğu gibi belli bir zaman sonra gerçekleşmiştir. AB de tavuk ve yumurta üretiminde sırasıyla Fransa, İngiltere, Almanya ve Danimarka gelmektedir. Türkiye’de ise 2008 yılı itibariyle 7 ilde organik yumurta üretimi kayıtlarda bildirilmiş olup toplam 4.424.000 adettir

Can abnormal ductus venosus peak velocity index for veins in normal fetuses predict failure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period?

Aim: To investigate whether ductus venosus (DV) wave velocities and/or DV peak velocity index for veins (DV-PVIV) can predict failure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period. Material and methods: Fetal echocardiography was performed in 455 healthy women with uneventful pregnancies between the 20-24th gestational weeks. DV blood flow and DV-PVIV data were collected prospectively. Echocardiography was repeated in healthy subjects on the 30th postnatal day. Four hundred patients met the study criteria. Newborns with clearly visible foraminal flaps, interatrial septal defects smaller than 5 mm and right-to-left shunting through the defect were accepted as patent foramen ovale (PFO) (n=91). Newborns without PFO (n=309) comprised the control group. Results: A statistically significant difference was detected between the groups with and without PFO in terms of mean DV-PVIV values, DV-D and DV-a wave velocities (p<0.05 for all). ROC analysis showed that increased DV-PVIV values were related to and predictive of PFO (AUC=0.75; p<0.001) and that a threshold value of 0.62, had a sensitivity of 86.8% (95% CI 78.1-93.0%) and a specificity of 51.7% (95% CI 46.1-57.5%). Conclusion: DV-PVIV values above 0.62 at the time of fetal echocardiographic examination can predict failure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period

Cytologic Comparison Between Growing and Non-growing Benign Thyroid Nodules Evaluated Using Two Different Growth Criteria

Objective: Thyroid nodules are frequent in the adult population. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy is performed for diagnosing cancerous nodules. It is suggested that biopsy-proven benign thyroid nodules should be followed up clinically, and if they grow, rebiopsy should be performed. However, certain growth criteria have not yet been defined

Cytologic Comparison Between Growing and Non-growing Benign Thyroid Nodules Evaluated Using Two Different Growth Criteria

Objective: Thyroid nodules are frequent in the adult population. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy is performed for diagnosing cancerous nodules. It is suggested that biopsy-proven benign thyroid nodules should be followed up clinically, and if they grow, rebiopsy should be performed. However, certain growth criteria have not yet been defined

Molecular Engineering of Azahomofullerene-based Electron Transporting Materials for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The rational molecular design of fullerene-based molecules with exceptional physical and electrical properties is in high demand to ensure efficient charge transport at the perovskite/electron transport layer interface. In this work, novel azahomofullerene (AHF) is designed, synthesized, and introduced as the interlayer between the SnO2/perovskite interface in planar n–i–p heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The AHF molecule (denoted as AHF-4) is proven to enhance charge transfer capability compared to the commonly used fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) due to its superior coordination interaction and electronic coupling with the SnO2 surface. In addition, the AHF-4 interlayer concurrently improves the quality of the perovskite film and reduces charge recombination in PSCs. The resultant AHF-4-based device exhibits a maximum efficiency of 21.43% with lower hysteresis compared to the PCBM device (18.56%). Benefiting from the enhanced stability of the AHF-4 film toward light soaking and elevated temperature, the AHF-4-based devices show improved stability under continuous 1 sun illumination at the maximum power point and 45 °C. Our work opens a new direction to the design of AHF derivatives with favorable physical and electrical properties as an interlayer material to improve both the performance and stability of PSCs

Effect of functional groups of self assembled monolayer molecules on the performance of inverted perovskite solar cell

WOS:000570089000002Organic-inorganic halide structure such as hybrid perovskite materials has been appeared as a pioneering approach to be used as a light harvester for cost-effective photovoltaic devices. Since light-absorber material is sandwiched between hole and electron transport layers, interfacial engineering starts playing significant role to develop high efficient perovskite solar cell (PSCs). Specifically, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is used commonly as both electrode modifier material and hole transport layer in inverter type device architecture, but it also suffers from instability of PEDOT:PSS due to its ionic nature. Therefore, self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technic is regarded as a proper approach to overcome this problem. In this work, we present five novel SAM molecules with a feasible methodology to compare effect of electron donating and withdrawing terminal groups on the efficiency of inverted PSCs. Depending on the end group, SAM customization indicates a change in the work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, rectification of device parameters and passivation of the surface trap states. The present study fills a gap in the literature by indicating a comparative treatment route to more clearly understand interfacial issues between electrode-organic layers and perovskite structure for the fabrication of efficient inverted PSCs. This is the first study to undertake a longitudinal evaluation of the influence of both electron-donating and withdrawing terminal groups on the efficiency of inverted type PSCs